The Medical Laboratory Technicians and Technologists (Curriculum and Course Content) Regulations

1.The Regulations may be cited as the Medical Laboratory Technicians and Technologists (Curriculum and Course Content) Regulations.2.For the purpose of registration as a laboratory technician and technologist under the Act, the curriculum and course content set out in the Schedules shall apply and in particular, the curriculum and course content set out in the First Schedule shall apply to Certificate courses while the curriculum and course content set out in the Second Schedule shall apply to Diploma courses and the curriculum and course content set out in the Third Schedule shall apply to the Higher Diploma courses.3.The Board may, in consultation with the College and with the approval of the Cabinet Secretary, amend the Schedules from time to time.

FIRST SCHEDULE [r. 2]

FORMS

_______________
MINISTRY OF HEALTH
_______________
THE KENYA MEDICAL LABORATORY TECHNICIANS AND TECHNOLOGISTS BOARD
CURRICULUM FOR CERTIFICATE IN MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCES

TABLE OF CONTENTS1.0Course title2.0Rationale3.0Roles and functions.4.0Programme aim.5.0Programme objectives.6.0Admission requirements.7.0Course duration.8.0Attendance pattern.9.0Award of certificate.10.0Teaching methods.11.0Chemistry.12.0Computers.13.0Entrepreneurship education.14.0Human anatomy and physiology.15.0Instrumentation.16.0Management/Laboratory practice.17.0Mathematics and statistics.18.0Medical terminology.19.0Research methods and project.20.0Social studies professional conduct, ethics and law.21.0Sterilisation and disinfection.22.0Microbiology.23.0Clinical chemistry.24.0Haematology.25.0Histopathology and cytology.26.0Blood transfusion science.27.0Medical parasitology.28.0Virology.29.0Immunology.30.0Appendix 1: Training standards.31.0Appendix 2: Essential equipment.32.0Appendix 3: Learning books.1.0COURSE TITLEINTRODUCTIONThis course is intended to equip the trainee with knowledge, skills and attitudes to enable them to work as Medical Laboratory Technicians.2.0RATIONALEThe public has become more aware of their health needs hence increasing the demand for laboratory services, which also includes use of technology and techniques that were not available previously.Therefore the course aims at providing healthcare professionals who will serve at primary health care level (health centre/dispensaries) in both the public and private sectors.3.0ROLES AND FUNCTIONS(i)Carry out basic laboratory tests.(ii)Report on laboratory results.(iii)Maintain laboratory equipment.(iv)Manage a laboratory.4.0PROGRAMME AIMThe course is intended to provide trainees with knowledge, skills and attitudes that will enable them to provide basic medical laboratory services.5.0PROGRAMME OBJECTIVES5.0.1At the end of the course, the trainee should be able to do the following in a basic medical laboratory.5.0.2Understand the basic techniques applied in the medical laboratory.5.0.3Practice safety precautions in a medical laboratory.5.0.4Select, set up and operate laboratory equipment.5.0.5Apply standard operating procedures to obtain quality results.5.0.6Acquire attitude that enhances the delivery of quality service.5.0.7Use the appropriate knowledge and skills in problem solving in the work environment.5.0.8Contribute to the development of science and technology through creativity and application of acquired knowledge, skills and attitudes.5.0.9Observe the professional code of conduct.6.0ADMISSION REQUIREMENTSTrainees entering this course should have the following minimum requirements obtained at one sitting:Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (K.C.S.E.) with a mean grade of C– (minus) or equivalent, and in addition a minimum grade of C– (minus) in the following—Biology/biological sciences.Chemistry/physical sciences.English or Kiswahili.They should also have a minimum grade of D+ in the following:Mathematics or Physics.7.0COURSE DURATIONThe course is designed to have duration of two (2) years of 1980 contact hours where 1320 hours are spent on campus and 660 hours are spent outside campus on clinical placement.8.0ATTENDANCE PATTERN8.0.1TERM SYSTEMEach academic year will be three (3) terms which will be covered as follows in each term:

Year		On-Campus	Clinical Attachment Hours
I	TERM ONE	440	-
	TERM TWO	440	-
	TERM THREE	440	-
2	TERM FOUR	-	440
	TERM FIVE	-	440
	TERM SIX	440	-
TOTAL		1760	880

9.0AWARD OF CERTIFICATEKMLTTB or its agent shall award the certificates.10.0TEACHING METHODSFor trainees to attain the basic competencies, the following teaching methods shall be applied:• Discussion.• Lectures.• Role play.• Simulation.• Demonstration.• Class practicals.• Project.• Tutorials.• Attachment.• Field visits.10.0.1TEACHING AIDS AND RESOURCESThe following teaching aids and resources shall be applied in the teaching methods employed during the course:10.0.2AIDS• Chalkboard/whiteboard.• Charts.• Slide projector.• Models.• Specimen.• Realia.• Overhead projector.• Radio.• Video/film.• Computer Interactive learning.• Computer Aaided/assisted learning.10.0.3RESOURCES• Recommended textbooks.• Library.• Laboratory.• Health institution.10.0.4FORMAT OF STUDENTS ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION10.0.4.1Each trainee shall be expected to attend at least 90% of the possible attendance in each subject and complete satisfactorily the coursework to qualify for the summative examination.10.0.4.2Each trainee shall be expected to have passed each subject at 50% as the pass mark to qualify to sit that same subject at summative level.10.0.4.3Course work will be given a weighting of 40% as the final examination weightage of 60% will apply in the determination of examination results.10.0.4.5Assessment and evaluation shall be categorised as follows:12.1.1Continuous Assessment(Conducted instructions)(a)Timed tests.(b)Carry away Tests.(c)Practicals and orals.(d)Assignments.(e)Projects.(f)Oral Examinations (viva voce).10.0.4.6Summative Examinations.Shall be conducted by a KMLTTB authorised examination body.10.0.4.7Format of the subjects for examination in the final examination shall be:(a)Project.(b)Practicals and orals.(c)Six (6) theory papers.(i)Microbiology.(ii)Virology.(iii)Clinical Chemistry.(iv)Histopathology.(v)Haematology.(vi)Blood Transfusion Science.(vii)Parasitology.10.0.4.8Length of papers.Time for each paper shall be allocated as follows:—

a) Project		60 hours
b) Practicals and Orals		4 hours
c) Theory		2 hours each

10 The following grading system shall be used:—

Grade			Score%
A			75-100
B			65-74
C			50-64
D			40-49
E			0-39

11.0CHEMISTRYThis course is intended to provide trainees with the pre-requisite knowledge in the application of knowledge and skills in the professional subjects.11.0.1GENERAL OBJECTIVESAt the end of the course, the trainee should be able to:—• State physical and chemical changes.• Describe the atomic structure.• Describe the periodic table, relative to the first twenty elements.• Explain various types of bonds.• Balance chemical equations.• Explain use of pH scale.• Explain the terms used in chromatography as a qualitative method.• Explain the application of different types of chromatography.• Explain titrimetric analysis as a quantitative technique.• Explain concentration terms.• Prepare solutions.• Define the term organic chemistry.• Identify functional groups of hydrocarbons.• State common uses of hydrocarbons.11.0.2CONTENT

Quantitative Analysis		• Definition of qualitative analysis. • Concentration terms. • Preparation of solutions. • Acid/base indicators. • Glassware used in quantitative measurements.
Organic chemistry		• Terms used. • Difference between saturated and unsaturated compounds. • Homologous series. • Common uses. Alkanes Alcohol. Aldehydes. Ketones. Carboxylic acids.
Physical and chemical changes		• Physical changes. • Chemical changes.
Atom, elements, compound and mixtures		• Structure of an atom properties of an atom. • Dalton’s Atomic Theory. • Mixtures and compounds. • The periodic table. • Relationship of physical and chemical properties and their position in the periodic table. • Relationship of physical and chemical properties of elements in the periodic table.
Chemical combinations		• Types of bonds. • Chemical equations. • Properties of bonds.
Acid, bases and salts		• Definitions. • Properties. • Differences between weak and strong acids and bases. • pH scale. • Neutralization. • Salts.

12.0COMPUTERS12.0.1This unit prepares the student to understand the role of computers in managing a laboratory and to keep in line with the trends all over the world.12.0.2GENERAL OBJECTIVESAt the end of this unit, the students should be able to:—(i)Describe the basic components of computers.(ii)State the principles of computer operating systems and information processing.(iii)Apply common computer software packages for data management.(iv)Understand the use of computers in Health Care Services and Research.12.0.3CONTENTS

a) Computers:		-Personal computers.
		-Micro-computers.
Component's of a computer:		-Hardware and software
		-Hardware: CPU, Input and Output devices, files storage devices.
Software-operating system -		Application programmes.
2) Principles of computer operating system:
• OS.
• Application programmes
		-Major applications
• Data Management: -		Person's role to assure correct data
		-Computer environment — Assuring power supply.
		-Introduction to windows — Word Processing.
		Setting up files.
		Modifying, storing and Laboratory Management.

(4)Use of computers in Health care Laboratory Delivery and Laboratory Management.

13.0ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATION13.0.1AIM: This subject is intended to equip the trainee with knowledge, skills and attitudes that may enable the trainee to start and manage a business enterprise.13.0.2OBJECTIVESAt the end of this unit, the trainee should:(a)Acquire positive attitude toward self-employment.(b)Understand the factors that affect the success of an enterprise.(c)Apply entrepreneurial competency in business situations.(d)Manage an enterprise successfully.13.0.3SUBJECT SUMMARY

Topic	Sub Topic	Time
ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND SELF-EMPLOYMENT	• Importance of self-employment. • Entrepreneurship contribution to National development. • Requirements for entry into self-employment.
ENTREPRENEURIAL OPPORTUNITIES	• Business opportunities. • Assessing product demand. • Matching skills and resources to changing technology.
ENTREPRENEURIAL AWARENESS	• Evaluating business environment. • Type of business finance. • Contractual agreements. • Government policy on small scale enterprises. • Problems of starting a business enterprise.
ENTREPRENEURIAL MOTIVATION	• Internal motivating factors. • Techniques of self assessment. • External motivating factors.
ENTREPRENEURIAL COMPETENCE	• Decision making in business. • Institute change. • Coping with competition. • Risk taking. • Techniques of time management. • Leadership qualities.
ENTERPRISE MANAGEMENT	• Evaluating business goals. • Efficiency of resources utilization. • Finance planning. • Production management. • Management of human resources. • Work study. • Marketing and public relations. • Information management. • Project planning.

14.0HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY14.0.1AIM: This subject is intended to equip the trainee with the knowledge, skills and attitudes to understand the various parts and functions of the body in relation to the medical laboratory profession.14.0.2OBJECTIVES(i)Define anatomy and physiology.(ii)Outline the anatomy and physiology of the circulatory (blood), urinary, digestive, respiratory and reproductive systems.(iii)Identify various cells, tissues, organs and systems.

Topic	Sub-Topic		Time
i) Introduction to Anatomy and physiology	Definition
	Importance
	Cells	Structure
		Functions
	Epithelial cells:	Definition
		Types, structure and
		Sites
	Tissue Types
	Organs Structures
	Systems Functions
ii) Circulatory system	Blood, the heart, blood vessels and sketch of these structures.
iii) Urino-genital-system	The kidney and urino-genital tract, the reproductive organs, sketch of their structures.
iv) Digestive system	The stomach, the liver, intestines, pancreas and their sketches.·
v) Respiratory system	The nose, trachea, and lungs and their sketches.
vi) Practical	Identification of various cells, tissues, organs and systems.

15.0INSTRUMENTATION15.0.1AIM: This course unit is intended to equip the trainee with knowledge, skills and attitudes to be able to maintain, handle and operate laboratory instruments and apparatus.15.0.2GENERAL OBJECTIVESAt the end of this course unit, the trainee should be able to:—(i)identify the types of laboratory instruments and apparatus.(ii)install instruments and organise benches.(iii)understand principles of functional units and instrument operation.(iv)maintain daily checks, services and decontamination.15.0.3CONTENT

	Topic	Sub-Topic
1	Lab-instruments	Colorimeter flame photometer oven incubators microscopes urinometers centrifuge ISE Deep freezers Refrigerators glucometer stills balances.
	Apparatus	Dilutors Dispensers Lab wareIntegral syringe.
2	Instrument installation	Size of instrument weight voltage ventilation.
3	Bench Organization	Water volatile chemicals fumes fire outbreak biowaste.
4	Principles of functional units	• Photometry: colorimeter Flame photometer Glucometer, ELISA • Heating Elements: Water bath Incubators Hot air Autoclave Stills Incinerators. • Microscopy Miscropes-light- inverted • Photoelectric • Centrifugal forces: Centrifuges • Refrigeration Deep freezers refrigerators cold room. • Density Urinometer • Measurement Weight- Balance Volumes Dilutors Dispensers Integral syringes and reagent bottles. • Electrochemistry: Ion selective electrodes Deionizers. pH meter
5	Daily maintenance • Instruments • Apparatus • Decontamination	• Dusting covering cleaning of instruments daily checks and servicing visits trouble shooting. • Cleaning drying • Disinfectant anti-septic sterilization.

16.0MANAGEMENT/LABORATORY PRACTICE16.0.1AIM: This course unit is intended to equip students with knowledge, attitudes and skills that will enhance efficient delivery and interaction with staff and patients.16.0.2GENERAL OBJECTIVES(1)Design a standard laboratory layout.(2)Practice general safety procedures in the laboratory.(3)Carry out specific cleaning procedures of apparatus and the general laboratory.(4)Maintain a laboratory inventory.(5)Prepare purchase documents.(6)Administer basic first-aid.(7)Demonstrate the procedures to handle a victim.(8)Identify tools and equipment in first-aid.(9)Describe the principles and practice of laboratory management.(10)Demonstrate skills of effective communication.(11)Identify methods of storing and retrieval of information.16.0.3CONTENT

Code	Topic	Sub-Topic	Time
	Laboratory Layout	• Draw a simple basic laboratory layout • Visit medical laboratories.
	Safety	• Glass fittings. • Electrical connection heating. • Fire extinguishing and control. • Protective clothing. • Storage of chemicals, reagents and specimens cabinets. • Carrying transporting and mixing of chemicals and reagents. • Labeling classification.
	Cleanliness	• Cleaning of benches, floor, sink, glassware, plastic ware and procedures involved.
	First Aid	• Definition, aims and roles of first aid. • Assessment of accident situation. • Management of clinical conditions requiring first aid. • Ethics in first aid. • Demonstrations from St. Johns Ambulance on first aid techniques.
	Management	• Inventory and purchasing. • Recording information. • Stocktaking. • Preparation of purchase documents.
	Communication	• Communication. • Skills. • Implementing storage and retrieval.

17.0MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS17.0.1AIM: This course unit is intended to review and update the trainee knowledge, skills and attitudes required for understanding mathematical and statistical skills applied in the profession.17.0.2GENERAL OBJECTIVESAt the end of this course unit, the trainee should be able to:(a)Perform basic use of numbers and algebraic expressions.(b)Use graphs and related techniques to solve problems.(c)Use statistical techniques to collect and represent data.(d)Carry out basic data analysis.17.0.3CONTENTS

Topic		Sub-topic
1. ALGEBRA		• Indices. • Logarithms. • Applications of logarithms. • Linear equations. • Simultaneous equations. • Matrices. • Transposition of formulae.
2. QUADRATIC EQUATIONS		• Solutions. • Applications.
3. LINEAR AND NON-LINEAR GRAPHS		• Construction. • Solutions.
4. COLLECTION, ORGANIZATION AND PRESENTATION OF DATA		•Data collection. • Data organization. • Date presentation.
5. DATA ANALYSIS		• Measures of central tendency. • Measures of dispersion.
6. SIMPLE REGRESSION AND CORRELATION ANALYSIS		• Regression analysis equivalent 2 variables only. • Correlation analysis 2 variables only.

18.0MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY18.0.1AIM:This unit is intended to enable students understand medical terminologies for the purpose of interaction in class and work places and use in reporting laboratory results.18.0.2GENERAL OBJECTIVES(1)List commonly used medical terms and words.(2)Discuss the meanings of these word.(3)Understand the Greek alphabets.(4)Explain the usage and applicability of these terms and words.18.0.3CONTENTS(1)Common medical terms, qualities of medical languages, principles of derivation (i.e. words from Latin and Greek).(2)Discuss word-roots, prefixes, suffixes- Combining forms.- Compound words (Greek and Latin).- Anatomical synonyms.(3)Greek alphabet.(4)Words pertaining to:- Resemblance.- Cavites.- Deficiencies.- Excess numbers.- Difficulties.- Ease.- Paired and unpaired.- Measurement and size.- Shapes.- Softness, hardness and thickness.- Sensation, feeling and affection.- Growth and reproduction.- Goodness and badness.- Colour.- Movement and transport.- Medical entomological terms.19.0RESEARCH METHODS AND PROJECT19.0.1AIMThis course aims at equipping the trainees with knowledge, skills and attitudes that will enable them carry out scientific projects.19.0.2GENERAL OBJECTIVESAt the end of this course unit, the trainee should be able to:—(1)Collect project data and present the date(2)Analyze the data(3)Interpret the data(4)Prepare a project report in a structure format19.0.3CONTENT

Topic		Sub-Topic
Introduction		• Projects.
Data collection		• Observational method. • Interviews and Questionnaires. • Trace measures. • Content analysis. • Data achieves. • Measurements. • Qualitative method. ° Data representation. ° Central tendency. ° Dispersion. ° Regression analysis.
Use of computer		• Application of spreadsheets to compiling data. • Production of report.
Project write up		• Documentation of sources. • Carrying out of project. • Reporting ° Lay out. ° Data presentation.

20.0SOCIAL STUDIES PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT, ETHICS AND LAW20.0.1AIM: This course is intended to equip the trainee with knowledge, social skills and attitudes for effective role-play in society and work place.20.0.2OBJECTIVESAt the end of this course unit the trainee should be able to:(a)Formulate personal ideas.(b)Relate the behaviors of individual to their efficiency and effectiveness in an organisation.(c)Understand the Public Health Act and MLTT Act.(d)Comply with the provisions of the MLTT Act and the relevant provisions of the Public Health Act (Cap. 242);(e)Understand the role of Government.

20.0.3CONTENT

Topic	Sub-Topic	Time
1. SOCIAL STUDIES	• Basic medical psychology. • Basic medical sociology. • Social economics. • Government. • National Philosophy. • Science and technology. • Commerce. • Personal inter-relationships.
2. ETHICS	• Meaning and importance. • Role of religion on society. • Significance of social and individual values. • Constitution of Association of Kenya Medical Laboratory Scientific Officers. • Technology and religion.
3. LAW	• Definition. • Importance of law. • Sources of Kenyan laws Public Health Act. • Medical Laboratories Technicians and Technologists Act. • Elements of law. • Law in day to-day life of an individual.

21.0STERILIZATION AND DISINFECTION21.0.1AIMThe subject is intended to equip the trainee with the knowledge, skills and attitudes to understand the importance, and practice sterilisation and disinfection in a medical laboratory.21.0.2OBJECTIVESAt the end of the topic, the learner should be able to:(i)Define terminologies used in sterilisation and disinfection.(ii)Explain techniques used for sterility testing.(iii)Explain methods and factors influencing sterilisation.(iv)Practice sterilisation, disinfection and waste disposal in various disciplines.21.0.3CONTENT

Topic	Sub-Topic	Time
Terminologies	Sterilization, disinfection, germicides, bactericides, antiseptics, fungicides, bacteriostatics.
Methods	Physical methods: Heat, dry heat, moist heat. Radiation: Ultra-violet, ionisation radiation, filtration. Chemical methods: Alcohol, chloroform, chlorine, glycerol, phenol, cresol, aldehyde, quaternary ammonium compounds.
Factors influencing sterilisation	Nature, load and type of micro-organisms, nature of material and containers, time and temperature, humidity and organic contaminants.
Sterility testing	Automatic process control, recording thermometer, thermocouple measurement, chemical indicators, adhesive tape (autoclave) biological control.
Sterilization, disinfection and waste disposal	Microbiology, clinical chemistry, haematology, blood transfusion, parasitology, histopathology.

22.0MICROBIOLOGY22.0.1AIMTo equip trainees with adequate knowledge, skills and attitudes to enable them to work in a health centre laboratory effectively.22.0.2OBJECTIVESYear OneBy the end of the 1st year, the trainee should be able to:(i)State and define the major classes of micro-organisms.(ii)Outline laboratory safety measures.(iii)Describe various sterilisation methods.(iv)Explain collection and processing of specimens.(v)Explain the various staining techniques.(vi)Describe the types of culture media.(vii)Explain the cultivation of bacteria.(viii)Systematic Bacteriology.22.0.3SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY(i)Explain the morphology and staining of the organism.(ii)Explain cultural characteristics.(iii)Explain the biochemical characteristics.22.0.4CONTENTSYear OneMajor classes—bacterial, fungi, viruses, protozoa, mycoplasm, chlamydia, and rickettsia safety measures in the laboratory, safety cabinets, WHO code of practice, laboratory acquired infections, handling and storage of chemicals and laboratory waste disposal.22.0.4.1Methods of sterilization• Definitions.• Sterilizations.• Disinfections.• Antiseptic.• Heat.• Chemical.• Radiation.• Filtration.22.0.4.2Collection and processing of specimen• Specimen containers.• Collection of specimen.• Preparation and sterilisation.22.0.4.3Types of specimens• Urine.• Sputum.• Stool.• Pus.• Fluids.• Cerebral spinal cord.• Blood.• Swab.• Skin, hair, nail.• Aspirates.22.0.4.4Processing of specimens22.0.4.5Staining techniques• Gram stain.• Negative stain.• ZN stain.22.0.4.6Culture media• Types of culture media.• Basic, enriched, selective.• Differential, transport.• Preparation of media.• Preparation methods, storage—quality control.22.0.4.7CULTURE OF MICRO-ORGANISMS• Growth requirements, culture techniques.22.0.4.8IDENTIFICATION OF MICRO-ORGANISMS• Biochemical tests, serological tests.22.0.4.9SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGYFor each genus give:• Morphology and staining, culture characteristics, biochemical characteristics,laboratory diagnosis.• Genus.• Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Neisseria, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Citrobacter,Enterobacter, Yersinia, Salmonella, Shigella, Proteus, Haemophilus.22.0.4.10OBJECTIVES YEAR TWO (2)(i)Outline the disc diffusion method of sensitivity.(ii)Define the terms used in mycology.(iii)Describe the morphology of fungi.22.0.5CONTENT YEAR TWO (2)22.0.5.1SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY (Continued) Pseudomonas, Vibrio, Brucella,Bordetella, Clostridium, Bacillus Corynebacterium, Mycobacterium, Treponema.Antibial sensitivity testing, disc diffusion method.22.0.5.2Mycology• Definition of terms.• Moulds, yeast.• Morphology and staining.• Yeast cells, gram staining, negative stain potassium hydroxide preparation.23.0CLINICAL CHEMISTRY23.0.1AIMThe course unit is intended to provide the trainee with attitudes, knowledge and skills to be able to work effectively in a clinical chemistry laboratory.23.0.2GENERAL OBJECTIVESAt the end of this course unit the trainee should be able to perform the following in a clinical chemistry laboratory:—(i)Describe basic concepts of clinical chemistry.(ii)Understand basic chemistry.(iii)Practice safety measures.(iv)Maintain and care for equipment and apparatus.(v)Store chemicals and reagents.(vi)Collect specimen.(vii)Understand basic principles of techniques.

Year	Topic	Sub-Topic
	Introduction	Clinical Chemistry. Introduction, definition. Physical chemistry, definition of atoms, atomic structure, elements, molecules, compounds, nails micro and organic. Bases: Strong and weak. pH: pH scale. Calculations. Preparation and importance. Indicators: Litmus methyl orange, red Phenolphthalein. Solutions: Standard working; saturated, supersaturated, normal, molar, solution, formula. RV x RC __________ OC Titration – Principle. Procedure. Chloride. Calculations.
	Organic chemistry	Definition, structure of carbon, homologous series.
	Biochemistry	Definition, biomolecules, carbohydrates, amino acids, and proteins, lipids, vitamins, classifications.
	Basic physiology	Functions of the body systems: • Kidney. • Liver. • Pancreas, • Stomach, intestines. • Capillaries, arteries, veins.
	Basic pathology	The liver in relation to bilirubin, pancreas in relation to diabetes nephrosis.
	Safety measures— chemicals	Sources of injuries Cacinogenic poisonous, radioactive, explosives, fuming. Protective measures: Protective gear. Methods of disposal. Decontamination.
	Instruments	Types of injuries: • Mechanical, electric, thermal (hot water, hot air, steam, dry heat. Protective measures • Protective gear. • Bench organization. • Proper insulation and voltage.
	Lab. ware	Source of injuries. Breakages, sharps. Mechanical. Protective measures. Protective gear, proper handling and disposal.
	Maintenance and care of Lab. ware	Glassware, plastics, ceramics. Cleaning: use of detergents, dichromate solution, strong acids and hot water. Drying: room temperature, hot air oven. Storage, racks, canisters, drawers, cabinets.
	Instruments	Daily maintenance: checks, manufacturer instructions. Laboratory, organization, instrument installation and regular servicing.
	STORAGE OF CHEMICALS AND REAGENTS	Corrosives: non-metallic containers, labelling, isolation, refrigeration expiry date. Volatile and flammables cold storage. Ventilation, isolation, fireproofing, hazard labels. Analytical reagents and chemicals labelling, aluminium foils and lead containers for radioactive material. Lockable cabinets, desiccated cabinets, brown containers, and dark rooms. Labelling to include expiry dates.
	Specimen Collection	Containers, anticoagulants, disposable needles, and syringes. Labels, preservatives, request form interpretation.
	Mode of Collection	Aseptic technique, hygienic. Sites of bleeding and stasis. Types of specimen. Blood, stool, urine, C.S.F. Aspirates and exudates saliva, sweat.

Year	Topic			Content
	Basic principles Pipettes: • Types • Pipetting			• Graduated • Volumetric. • Pasteur. • Micropipettes. • Automated. • Mouth. • Fillers. • Capillarity. • Atmospheric pressure.
	Qualitative and quantitative			Urine – physical examination. • Chemical analysis. • Microscopy. Stool – Physical examination. • Chemical analysis. C.S.F. – Physical examination. • Biochemistry. Urine sugars. • Proteins. • Clearance tests. • Osmolarity. • pH. Blood – Glucose. • Urea. • Bilirubin. • Creatinine. • Electrolytes. • Uric acid. • Protein. • Transaminases. • Alkaline phosphatase.
	Separation			CSF exudate aspirates. • Glucose. • Protein. Urine sugars – Chromatography.

YEAR TWO (2)23.0.3OBJECTIVES—(a)Carry out diagnostic tests.(b)Quality control measures.

Year Two	Topic	Content
	Clinical placement	Clinical placement.
	Practicals Urine Qualitative and quantitative	Volume, colour, appearance, odour, sugars, ketones, bilirubin, blood, protein, pH, crystals, casts, cells, clearance, osmolarity
	Blood Quantitative	Glucose, urea, creatinine, electrolytes, uric acid, total protein, albumin, transaminases, alkaline, phosphatase.
	CSF, Exudates and aspirates.	Glucose, protein.
	Saliva and sweat	Enzymes and electrolytes.
	Separation	Urine sugars and reducing substances (chromatographic techniques).
	Quality control measures	Handling of control materials levy, Jennings plots, units in chemical pathology and reference ranges.

24.0HAEMATOLOGY24.0.1AIM:At the end of this course unit, the trainee should be equipped with basic skills and attitudes in haematology to be able to perform haematological techniques and interpret the results accurately in a clinical or research laboratory.24.0.2GENERAL OBJECTIVESAt the end of this unit the trainee should be able to:(i)Acquire knowledge on blood formation and various haematological disorders.(ii)Perform haematological techniques and observe safety precautions.(iii)Interpret test results in relation to the established norms.24.0.3SPECIFIC OBJECTIVESAt the end of this year, the trainee should be able to:(i)Describe haemopoesis.(ii)Identify blood cells.(iii)Prepare and use haematological stains.(iv)Collect haematological samples.(v)Enumerate blood cells.(vi)Estimate haemoglobin.(vii)Perform packed cell volume and erythrocyte sedimentation techniques.(viii)Calculate haematological indices.(ix)Explain the types of anaemia.24.0.4CONTENT24.0.4.1INTRODUCTION TO HAEMATOLOGY• Definition.• Importance.• Safety in haematology laboratory.24.0.4.2BLOOD COMPOSITION AND FUNCTIONS• Erythrocytes.• Leucocytes.• Thrombocytes.• Plasma.24.0.4.3HAEMOPOESIS• Origin of blood cells.• Development of all blood cells.24.0.4.4HAEMATOLOGICAL SAMPLES• Blood collection containers.• Anticoagulants.• Venous blood sample.• Capillary blood sample.24.0.4.5BLOOD FILM PREPARATION• Thin.• Thick.24.0.4.6HAEMATOLOGICAL STAINS• Romanowsky stains.• Supravital stains.• Staining techniques.24.0.4.7HAEMOCYTOMETRY• Total blood cell count.• Differential leucocytes count.• Reticulocyte count.24.0.4.8PACKED CELL VOLUME• Microhaematocrit.• Macrohaematocrit.24.0.4.9ERYTHROCYTE SEDIMENTATION RATE• Wintrobe.• Westergren.• Landau Adams.24.0.4.10HAEMOGLOBIN• Definition.• Composition.• Types of haemoglobin.• Methods of estimation.24.0.4.11HAEMATOLOGICAL INDICES• Mean cell volume.• Mean cell haemoglobin.• Mean cell haemoglobin concentration.24.0.4.12SYSTEMATIC REPORTING OF FILMS• Red blood cells.• White blood cells.• Platelets.• Blood parasites.24.0.4.13ANAEMIA• Definition.• Causes of anaemia.• Classification.• Types of anaemia.• Laboratory investigations.24.0.4.14YEAR TWO (2)At the end of this year the trainee should be able to:(a)Describe vascular system coagulation mechanism.(b)Perform basic haematological techniques.24.0.4.15 CONTENT24.0.4.16 HAEMATOSIS• Definition.• Role of platelets.• Basic coagulation mechanism.• Basic tests for haemostasis.24.0.5.17 PRACTICAL PLACEMENT25.0HISTOPATHOLOGY AND CYTOLOGY25.0.1AIMThe course unit is intended to provide trainees with basic knowledge, skills and attitudes that will enable them to handle histopathological and cytological techniques in a medical laboratory.25.0.2INTRODUCTION TO HISTOPATHOLOGY (2 HRS)25.0.2.1CONTENTS(i)Definition.(ii)Application in disease set-ups.25.0.2.2Terminologies in common use(i)Autolysis.(ii)Putrefaction.(iii)Biopsies.(iv)Autopsies.25.0.2.3Source of Specimens(i)Autopsies.(ii)Biopsies.(iii)Smears.25.0.2.4Cell and epithelium25.0.2.5Specific objectives At the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to:(a)Describe cell structure and cell division.(b)Describe the four primary tissues.(c)State types of epithelial cells.(d)State the functions of epithelial tissue.25.0.4.6CONTENTS25.0.4.7Cell structure and division• Cell membrane.• Nucleus.• Cytoplasmic organelles.• Mitosis.• Meiosis.25.0.4.8Primary Tissues• Epithelium.• Connective.• Muscular.• Nervous.25.0.4.9Types of Epithelial Cells• Cuboidal.• Columnar.• Pseudostratified.• Stratified.25.0.4.10Functions of Epithelial Tissues• Transport.• Protection.• Excretion.• Reproduction.• Absorption.• Assimilation.• Respiration.25.0.4.11Fixation and Fixatives25.0.4.12Specific objectivesAt the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to:(i)State the purpose of fixation.(ii)State the effects of fixatives.(iii)Explain preparation of the fixatives.(iv)Describe methods of fixing tissues.(v)Explain storage and labelling procedures of fixed specimens.25.0.4.13Contents:25.0.4.14Terminologies used• Fixation.• Fixatives.• Simple – Cytological.• Compound – Nuclear.• Micro anatomical – Cytoplasmic.25.0.4.15Purposes of Fixation• Autolytic changes.• Putrefaction changes.• Preservation of tissue.25.0.4.16Effects of fixatives on tissues• Penetration.• Precipitation.• Hardening the tissue.25.0.4.17Preparation of fixatives• Simple fixatives.• Compound fixatives.• Advantages and disadvantages.25.0.4.18Storage Procedures and Labelling• Water-proof and Indian Ink labels.• Diamond pencils.• Storage in 70% alcohol.• 10% formal saline.25.0.4.19DECALCIFICATION25.0.4.20Specific objectivesAt the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to:(i)Define decalcification.(ii)Describe methods of decalcification.(iii)Describe methods of determining end point of decalcification.(iv)Explain treatment of tissues after decalcification.25.0.4.21Definitions• Purpose.• Uses.25.0.4.22Methods of Decalcification• Mineral acids.• Chelating agents.• Ion exchange resin.• Electrolysis.• Factors affecting decalcification.• Surface decalcification.25.0.4.23Determination of end Points of Decalcification• X-ray method.• Chemical tests.• Mechanical methods—probing, bending.25.0.4.24Treatment of Tissues after Decalcification• Water method.• 70% alcohol method.25.0.4.25TISSUE PROCESSING25.0.4.26Specific objectives:At the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to:(i)Explain dehydration techniques.(ii)Describe clearing process.(iii)Explain impregnation and embedding procedures.(iv)Mention common embedding media.(v)Store blocks, slides and reports.25.0.4.27Contents:25.0.4.28Dehydration Techniques• Use of alcohol.• Acetone.• Dioxane.25.0.4.29Clearing process by use of:• Xylene.• Chloroform.• Toluene.• Cedar wood oil.25.0.4.30Wax Impregnation and Embedding Procedures• Paraffin wax method.• Vacuum embedding methods.25.0.4.31Common Embedding Media• Gelatin.• Celloidon.25.0.4.32Use of Cabinets, Files25.0.4.33MICROTOMES AND MICROTOMY25.0.4.34Specific objectivesAt the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to:(i)Classify various types of microtomes.(ii)State types of microtome knives.(iii)Explain different methods of sharpening microtome knives.(iv)Describe section cutting.(v)Explain how to float sections.25.0.4.35Content25.0.4.36Types of Microtomes• Rocking microtome.• Rotary microtome.• Base sledge microtome.• Sliding microtome.• Freezing microtome.25.0.4.37Microtome Knives• Plain wedge.• Biconcave.• Plano concave.• Semi-plano-concave.• John Heifer Knife.25.0.4.38Knife sharpeners• Honing.• Stropping.• Automatic sharpener.25.0.4.39Faults in section cutting• Chatter.• Scores.• Sections fail to ribbon.• Section crumble on cutting.• Sections are squashed.25.0.4.40Floating of sections• Floating out in water bath at 6-10%c lower than the melting point of paraffin wax.• Use of 20% alcohol.25.0.4.41TERM THREE (3), FIRST YEAR7.Section Adhesives.At the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to:(i)State the types of adhesives.(ii)Describe the use of adhesives.(iii)Prepare types of adhesives.25.0.4.42Contents(i)Types—• Mayors Egg albumin.• Glycerine jelly.• Starch paste.(ii)Use.(iii)Preparation:• Ingredients.• Procedure.8.Theory of staining.25.0.4.43Specific objectivesAt the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to:(i)Define dyes and stains.(ii)Explain preparation of stains.(iii)Outline various staining methods.(iv)List staining equipment used.25.0.4.44Contents:(i)Dyes and stains.• Definition.(ii)Preparation.• Haematoxylin.• Eosin.• Van Gieson.• Litmus.• Gram stain.• Ziehl'Nielsen.• Perls’ Prussian Blue.(iii)Staining methods.• Direct staining.• Progressive and regressive staining.• Negative staining.• Vital staining.• Indirect staining.(iv)Equipments.• Staining dishes, staining racks.• Bunsen burners, hot plate, hot air oven.9.Histological pigments.25.0.4.45Specific objectivesAt the end of this topic the trainee should be able to:(i)Define pigments.(ii)Classify pigments.(iii)Identify pigments.(iv)Remove pigments.25.0.4.46Contents(i)Definition.(ii)Classification.• Artifacts.• Exogenous.• Autogenous.• Endogenous.• Haematogenous.(iii)Identification/Demonstration—• Use of stains.(iv)Removal• Use of bleaching agents.25.1CYTOPATHOLOGY25.1.1Specific objectives• Define cytopathology.• State the use of cytopathology.• List sources of specimens.• Collect specimens.• List equipments and apparatus used.• List fixatives used.• State staining methods employed.• Screen and classify pap smears.25.1.2CONTENTS(i)DefinitionUses of cytopathology.Diagnosis of cancer.Sex determination.(ii)Sources of specimenCervical smears.Buccal smears.Body fluids.Urine.(iii)Collection of specimens.Collection and preparation of smears.Techniques involved.(iv)Equipment used.• Ayre spatula.• Coplin jars.• Speculum.• Bulb pipettes.(v)Fixation methods used.• Drop on, Aerosols.• Alcohols.(vi)Staining methods.• Papanicolau stain.• Haematoxyline and Eosin.• Methylene blue.(vii)Screening and classifying Pap smears.• CIN – I – V.• Pap Class I – V.• Abnormalities associated with malignancy.25.1.3Mountants25.1.4Specific objectivesAt the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to:(i)Explain types of mountants.(ii)State the uses of mounting media.(iii)Outline different methods of mounting.(iv)Explain what a ringing media is.25.1.5Contents(i)Types of mountants.• Resinous or synthetic.• Aqueous.(ii)Use of mountants:• Mounting stained sections.• Mounting frozen sections.(iii)Methods of mounting.• Permanent preparations.• Temporary preparations.(iv)Ringing media:• Paraffin media.• Plasticine.6TH.TERM25.1.6Museum Techniques25.1.7Specific ObjectivesAt the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to:(a)Collect specimen for museum purposes.(b)List methods of preservation.25.1.8Contents:(i)Methods of collection.• Netting.• Biopsy specimen.• Trapping.• Autopsy specimen.(ii)Preservation:• Drying.• Chemical treatment.25.1.9Safety precautionsAt the end of this topic, the trainee should be able:• To observe safety in a histological laboratory.25.1.10Contents(i)Fire hazards.(ii)Injuries.(iii)Explosives.(iv)Handling of specimens.25.1.11Mortuary techniques25.1.12Specific objectivesAt the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to:(a)Handle the bereaved members of the public emphatically.(b)Respect all cultures.(c)Handle the deceased body from the ward level up to the time the body is buried or collected by relatives.(1) Storing at appropriate temperature 0-4°c.(2) Injecting with fixatives in main cavities;(3) Total body fixation-embalming by use of chemical solutions;(4) Dressing and final respects;(d)Postmortem.(5) stitching opened bodies.25.1.13 Public relations.(a)Handling bereaved persons.(b)Language.(c)Basic counselling.25.1.14 Traditional and Religious Cultures.(a)Major Kenyan cultures.(b)Major Kenyan religions.(c)Ethnocentrism.(d)International cultures.25.1.15 Handling Deceased Persons.(a)Collection.(b)Registration.(c)Storage.(i)Embalming.(ii)Minimal preservation.(d)Body preparation for burial.(i)Dressing.(ii)Grooming.25.1.16 Post-mortem(a)Reasons.(b)Importance.(c)Records.(d)Stitching the body.25.1.17 EMBALMINGThrough the jugular vein you pass (inject) a mixture of formal saline + glycerin + red dye until all clotted blood is liquefied.25.1.18PURPOSE OF EMBALMING(a)Long storage.(b)International standards transport.(c)Aseptic purposes.

	Topic	Sub-Topic	Time
IT	INTRODUCTION	• Importance of Histopathology and cytology. •Tenninologies used. • Sources of specimens.
2T	CELL AND EPITIIELIUM	• Cell structure and division. • The four primary tissues. • Types of epithelial cells. • Function of epithelial tissues.
3T	FIXATION AND FIXATIVES	• Purposes of fixation. • Tenninologies used. • Effects of fixatives. • Preparation. • Methods of.fixation. • Storage and labelling.
4T	DECALCIFICATION	• Definition. • Methods of decalcification. • Treatment of tissue after decalcification. • Determination end point of decalcification.
5T	TISSUE PROCESSING	• Dehydration. • Clearing. • Wax impregnation and other common embedding media. • Storage of blocks slides and reports.
6T	MICROTOMY	• Types of microtomes. • Microtomes knives. • Knife sharpeners. • Faults in sectioning. • Floating out of sections.
7T	SECTION ADHESIVES	• Types of adhesives. • Purpose of adhesives. • Preparation.
8T	THEROY OF STAINING	• Definition of dyes and stains. • Preparation of stains. • Types of staining reactions. • Staining methods. • Staining equipment.
9T	HISTOLOGICAL PIGMENTS	• Definition. • Types of pigments encountered. • Their identification and removal.
10T	CYTOLOGY	• Definition. • Terminologies used. • Uses of cytology. • Sources of specimens and collection. •Equipments/apparatus used. • Fixatives employed. • Staining methods. • Slide screening.
11T	MOUNTANTS	• Types of mountants. • Uses of mounting media. • Methods of mounting. • Ringing media.
12T	MUSEUM TECHNIQUES	• Collection of specimens. • Methods of preservation. • Labeling and display of specimens
13T	SAFETY PRECAUTIONS	• Physical injuries. • Fire hazards. • Chemicals. • Explosives. • Infectious specimens.
14T	MORTUARY TECHNIQUES	• Public relations. • Cultural values. • Body handling. • Body dressing. • Basic embalming. • Body suturing.

26.0BLOOD TRANSFUSION SCIENCE26.0.1AIMThis course unit is intended to provide the trainee with attitudes, knowledge and skills to be able to work effectively in blood transfusion science laboratory.YEAR 1At the end of this year the trainee should be able to:(i)Define basic blood transfusion science terminologies.(ii)Explain immune and natural antibodies.(iii)Explain antigen-antibody reactions(iv)Mention various blood group system.(v)Perform blood grouping techniques.(vi)Determine errors affecting results.(vii)Explain the preparation of basic reagents and antisera.(viii)Perform and interpret compatibility test.(ix)Explain different types of transfusion reactions.(x)List laboratory investigations performed in transfusion reactions.26.0.2CONTENT26.0.3INTRODUCTIONDefinition of the terms blood transfusion science and blood importance.26.0.4TERMINOLOGIESAntigen, antibody, agglutination, Haemolysis, Sensitisation, Precipitation, Complement, Hapten.26.0.5ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEMHistory, inheritance, Antigens, Antibodies, Technique and sub-groups.26.0.6RHESUS BLOOD GROUP SYSTEMHistory, inheritance nomenclature, Antigen, Rhesus null phenotype, Variants of rhesus grouping techniques.26.0.7ABH BLOOD GROUP SYSTEMDefinition, H, A, B, O, OH genes and secretor gene.26.0.8BLOOD GROUP SPECIFIC SUBSTANCESDefinition, Type, Importance.Neutralization tests.26.0.9OTHER BLOOD GROUPS:Introduction to other blood groups – MNSS, KELL, DUFFY, I.26.0.10BLOOD GROUP ANOMALIESPhysical, and conditional hereditary.26.0.11PREPARATION OF REAGENTSNormal Saline, Enzymes, Bovine Albumin, Coombs Reagents, Lectins, Antisera.26.0.12COOMBS TECHNIQUESDirect Coombs, indirect Coomb’s, Antibody screening, antibody identification and Titration.26.0.13CROSSMATCHING:Definition, purpose, types, phases, techniques.26.0.14TRANSFUSION REACTIONSDefinition, categories, laboratory, investigations.26.0.15HAEMOLYTIC DISEASE OF THE NEW BORNDefinition, Causes, Laboratory Investigation, Prevention and Management.YEAR 226.0.16OBJECTIVESAt the end of this year the trainee should be able to:(i)Campaign, recruit and bleed blood donors.(ii)Describe the procedures of blood screening for infectious disease.(iii)Describe various anticoagulants used in blood transfusion science.(iv)Explain blood storage procedures.(v)Describe safety measures in blood bank.(vi)Describe control in blood transfusion science.(vii)Explain various blood fractions and plasma products.(viii)Practice techniques learned in year 1.26.0.17CONTENT26.1.01BLOOD DONOR SERVICE:Blood campaign, recruitment of donors, phlebotomy procedures, screening procedures, storage of blood, disposal.26.1.02BLOOD PRODUCTSDefinition, types, uses.26.1.03CONTROL IN BLOOD TRANSFUSION SCIENCEPurpose of control on equipment, reagent and laboratory procedures.26.1.04CLINICAL PLACEMENT27.0MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY27.0.1AIMTo provide the trainees with basic knowledge and skills and attitude in medical parasitology, which will enable them carry out simple parasitological techniques in diagnostic and research laboratories as well as field settings.27.0.2GENERAL OBJECTIVES:At the end of this course unit the trainee should be able to:(i)Receive, preserve and store parasitological specimens.(ii)Observe safety measures in a parasitology laboratory.(iii)Perform simple laboratory diagnosis of common parasitic infections.(iv)Prepare common laboratory reagents used in parasitology laboratory.(v)Use various equipment for parasitological investigations.(vi)Collect samples for laboratory investigations.(vii)Prepare specimens for parasitological investigations.(viii)Carry out appropriate parasitology analysis.(ix)Give appropriate report on laboratory findings.27.0.3CONTEXT— YEAR 127.0.4Introduction to Medical Parasitology and Medical Entomology.Common terminologies.Simple classification of parasites.Routes and mechanism of infections.Exit routes.Collection preservation transportation, reception and storage of specimen.Safety precautions and hygiene.Preparation of common reagents and stains.Common equipment and apparatus.Introductory microscopy.Quality assurance.27.0.5Parasitological TechniquesDirect methods.Concentration methods.Smears.Swabs.Basic immunodiagnosis.27.0.6Entomological TechniquesCollection of specimen.Mounting and labelling.Preservation and storage.Simple dissections.27.0.7Malacological TechniquesCollection of molluscs.Transportation.Cercarial sheding.Preservation.27.0.8HelminthologyIntroduction.General classification to genus and species level.Collection of specimen.Basic life-cycles.Morphology of diagnostic stages.Routine helminthological techniques.Prevention and control.27.0.9ProtozoologyIntroduction.General classification to genus species.Collection of specimen.Basic life-cycles.Morphology of diagnostic stages.Routine protozoological techniques.Prevention and control.27.0.10Medical EntomologyIntroduction and terminologies.General classification to genera and species.Basic life-cycles.Routine entomological techniques.Basic identification.Vector control.28.0VIROLOGY28.0.1AIM:The aim of this course is to equip the trainees with knowledge, skills and attitude to enable them work in a medical virology laboratory.28.0.2SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES28.0.3YEAR ONEBy the end of the year, the trainee should be able to:(i)Define the virus.(ii)Outline general properties of viruses.(iii)State the major classes of viruses of medical importance.(iv)Identify the pathogen risk groups.(v)Explain laboratory associated acquired infections and their prevention.(vi)Perform the various sterilisation. disinfection and disposal procedures.(vii)Use various laboratory equipment for virology work.28.0.4CONTENT

Year	Topic	Sub-topic	Theory (T) practice (P)
ONE	INTRODUCTION TO VIROLOGY	* DEFINITION OF VIRUSES. * GENERAL PROPERTIES OF VIRUSES. *CLASSIFICATION OF VIRUSES (CRITERIA).	T T
ONE	BIO-SAFETY	CATEGORISATION OF PATHOGEN RISK GROUPS. * ACTIVITIES HARMFUL TO THE WORKER AND OTHERS IN VIROLOGY. * OCCURANCE OF LABORATORY INFECTIONS AND THEIR PREVENTION. * MODE OF INFECTIONS IN AND OUT OF THE LABORATORY. * LOCATION OF HEALTH AND SAFETY EQUIPMENT IN THE WORK PLACE (EG. FIRE EXTINGUISHERS). PERSONAL PROTECTION: USE OF SAFETY-GEARS, EG. LAB. GOWNS, GLOVES, MASKS AND GOGGLES. * USE OF PIPETTING AIDS. * USE OF SAFETY CABINETS. BIO-SAFETY * SAFE USE OF OTHER EQUIPMENT, DEFINITIONS AND TYPES.	T T T T T
	STERILIZATION	METHODS OF STERILISATION, FACTORS INFLUENCING STERILIZATION AND STERILITY TESTING	P
	DISINFECTION AND DISPOSAL	DISINFECTIONS; ‘CIDAL’ AND ‘STATIC’ DISINFECTANTS. * MODE OF ACTION OF DISINFECTANTS. * COMMON DISINFECTANTS AND THEIR USE. DILUTIONS. DISPOSAL: DISINFECTION AND METHODS.	T T
	EQUIPMENT	USE OF THE FOLLOWING IN VIROLOGY: EQUIPMENT INVERTED MICROSCOPE AUTOCLAVE.	T P
	SPECIMEN	WATER BATHS, DEEP FREEZERS, REFRIGERATORS, INCUBATORS, BIOSAFETY CABINETS.	T P
	STERILIZATION	PRACTICAL SPECIMEN, COLLECTION, HANDLING, TRANSPORTATION, PRESERVATION AND STORAGE. PRACTICAL METHODS: MOIST HEAT, DRY HEAT, CHEMICAL, STERILIZATION DISINFECTANTS.	P

28.0.5YEAR TWO• By the end of the year, the trainee should be able to:• Describe and perform the various techniques used for specimen collection.• Explain the various techniques used in specimen preparation, storage, transportation and disposal.• Perform basic virological tests.29.0IMMUNOLOGY29.0.1AIM: This course unit is intended to provide the trainee with attitudes, knowledge and skills to be able to work effectively in an immunology laboratory.29.0.2OBJECTIVESAt the end of this unit the learner should be able to:• Define immunology;• Outline the scope of immunology;• Explain the types of immunity;• Identify the cells involved in immunity;• Explain the role played by various cells in immune response;• Prepare blood smears;• Perform staining procedures of the thin blood film;• Identify the various lymphoid tissues and organs involved in immunity;• Describe the function of antibodies;• Classify various types of antibodies;• Outline the principles of immunological techniques.

30.0Appendix 1: TRAINING STANDARDS30.0.1STAFF/STUDENT RATIO30.0.2LECTURESTHEORY 1:10PRACTICAL 1:5SUPPORT STAFF:TECHNOLOGIST (DIPLOMA LEVEL): ONE (1)TECHNICIANS TWO (2)30.0.3ACADEMIC STAFF QUALIFICATIONSMinimum MLS (DIP) with three (3) years experience plus a certificate in Medical Education,ORMLS (DIP) with five (5) years working experience,AND a good track record.30.0.4ATTENDANCE—90%30.0.5AVERAGE PASS MARK—50%30.0.6EXAMINATION DECLARATION♦ Common examination♦ Examination results shall be declared two (2) weeks after the last paper.31.0Appendix 2: ESSENTIAL EQUIPMENT31.0.1Microbiology

(1) Autoclave (portable)		1 between 10 students.
(2) Medium water bath		1 between 5 students
(4) pH meters		1 between 5 students
(5) Anaerobic jars		1 between 5 students
(6) Incubators/Hot air oven (adjustable)		1 between 10 students
(7) Distillers		2 for the whole institute
(8) De-ionizers		two small
(9) Microscopes binocular		1 between 10 students
(10) Weighing balance		1 top pan load balance
(11) Wood lamp		1
(12) Centrifuge		1 between 4 students
(13) Bunsen Burner/Spirit		1 between 2 students
(14) Tripod Stands/asbestos mat		1 between 10 students
(15) Fridge/deep freezer		1 between 10 students
(16) Safety Cabinet		1 per laboratory
(17) Teaching microscopes		1 between 10 students
(18) Mechanical shaker		1 between 10 students.
(19) Inoculating loops		1 per student
(20) Assorted microbiology glassware		adequate
31.0.2 CLINICAL CHEMISTRY
(1) Colorimeters		1 between 4 students
(2) Analytical balance0150 – top pan loading
(3) Sensitivity up to 1mg.		1 between 5 students
(4) Flame photometers		1 between 10 students
(5) Centrifuge		1 between 4 students
(6) Refrigerators/Freezers		1 between 10 students
(7) Water bath medium		1 between 4 students
(8) pH meter		1 between 5 students
(9) Mechanical mixers		2
(10) Electrophoresis equipment		2 per institution/class
(11) Distiller/deionizer		2
(12) Hot air oven/incubator adjustable		10
31.0.3 HAEMATOLOGY
(1) Haemoglobinemter		1
(2) Centrifuge		1
(3) Microhaematocrit centrifuge		1 between 5 students
(4) Blood mixers rollers		1 between 10 students
(5) Water bath		1 between 10 students
(6) Incubator		1 between 10 students
(7) Colorimeter		1 between 10 students
(8) Electrophoresis equipment		1 between 10 students
(9) Sphygmomanometer		1 between 5 students
(10) E.S.T. stands		1 between 4 students
(11) Deep freezer/fridge		1 per 10 students
(12) Deep freezer		1 between 5 students
(13) Coulter counter		1 for each class
(14) Neubaeur Chambers		1 for each student
(15) Distiller		2 per institution/class
(16) Analytical balance		1 between 10
31.0.4 BLOOD TRANSFUSION SCIENCES
(1) Blood bank refrigerator		1 per class/institution
(2) Grouping tiles		1 per student
(3) Water bath adjustable		Medium size
(4) Plasma extractors		15 students
(5) Centrifuges		1 between 4 students
(6) Weighing balance		1 between 5 students
(7) Syphmomanometers		1 between 5 students
(8) Hot air oven (adjustable)		1 in the whole institution
(9) De-ionizers and stillers		1 for the whole class/institution
(10) Mechanical shaker
(11) Blood transfusion bleeding unit
(12) Assorted blood transfusion glassware and adequate apparatus
(13) Microscopes		1 per 2 students
31.0.5 HISTOPATHOLOGY
(1) Microtome rocking/rotary		1 per 4 students
(2) Manual tissue processing set		1 between 4 students
(3) Hot plat		1 between 4 students
(4) Hone and strope		1 between 4 students
(5) Automatic knife sharpener		1 per class/institution
(6) Water bath, medium size		1 between 4 students
(7) Microscope (teaching)		1 for the institution
(8) Cold plate		1 between 6 students
(9) Weighing balances		1 between 5 students
(10) De-ionizers		1 per class/institution
(11) Fume chamber		1 per laboratory/institution
31.0.6 PARASITOLOGY
(1) Microscopes		1 for 4 students
(2) Centrifuges		1 for 4 students
(3) Refrigerators		1 per student
(4) Pestle and mortar		1 for 4 students

(5)Teaching microscope

(6)QBC unit

(7)Assorted apparatus eg. sieves racks, test tubes, stirring rods, applicator sticks, forceps funnels,kato kits, hand lenses

(8)Stereo microscope/dissecting microscope31.0.7VIROLOGY

(1)Hepatitis screening equipment

(2)H.I.V. Screening equipment– Eliza– Immunoblots (Western Blot)– P.C.R. (Polymerase chain reaction)

(3)CD4/CD8 Counting machine

(4)Tissue lines

(5)Immunoflourescent equipment

(6)Inverted microscopes

(7)Computer31.0.8IMMUNOLOGY

(1)Mechanical shakers

(2)Centrifuges

(3)Water baths

(4)Refrigerators

(5)Geiger Muller Counter

(6)Chromatographic sets– G.L.C. gas liquid chromatograph– H.P.L.C. high pressure liquid chromatography– T.L.C. thin layer chromatography

(7)Thermocycler

(8)Computer

32.0Appendix 3: LEARNING BOOKS32.0.1GENERAL BOOKS

	Title	Author
I.	Introduction to Medical Laboratory Technology	F.J. Baker & Silverton. Current Edition
2.	Medical Laboratory Manual for Tropical Countries Part I & II	Monica Chesbourogh

32.0.2MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY

	Title	Author
1.	Colour Atlas and Text Book of Diagnostic Microbiology	Elmer W. Koneman et al
2.	Short Text book of Microbiology	Satish Gupte

32.0.3CLINICAL CHEMISTRY

	Title	Author
1.	A handbook of Clinical Chemistry	V.W. Sitati
2.	Practical Clinical Biochemistry	Harold V. Valley
3.	Essential of volumetric Analysis	By J. Lambert

32.0.4HAEMATOLOGY

	Title	Author
1.	A short textbook of haematology	R.B.Thomson
2.	Atlas of haematology	McDonald Dodds
3.	Practical Haematology	Dacie &Lewis

32.0.5HISTOPATHOLOGY

	Title	Author
I.	Carlton's Histological Techniques	Drowry and Wellington
2.	Colour atlas	lrwing Bernem
3.	Theory and practice of histological Techniques	John Bancroft

32.0.6BLOOD TRANSFUSION

	Title	Author
1.	Carlton's Histological Techniques	Drowry and Wellington
2.	Colour atlas	Irwing Bernem
3.	Theory and practice of histological Techniques	John Bancroft

32.0.7MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY

	Title	Author
1.	Basic Clinical Parasitology	Harold W. Brown
2.	Introduction to Parasitology	A.C. Chandler
3.	Atlas of Helminthology Protozoology	Leach
4.	Lecture notes on Medical Entomology	M.W. Service
5.	Tropical Diseases	Manson Barr

32.0.8VIROLOGY

	Title	Author
1.	Practical virology for Medical Students and Practitioners in tropical countries	D. Metasalaar et al
2.	Fundamentals of Medical Virology	Kucera and Louis S.
3.	Virological Procedures	Hopkins et al
4.	Virology - Practical Approach	B.S. Mahy etal
5.	Medical virology	D. White & F. Fenner
6.	Medical Virology- A Practical Approach	Editor - U. Desselberger
7.	Principles of Molecular Virology	A.J. Cann

32.0.9IMMUNOLOGY

	Title	Author
I.	The Principles of Immunology	Ivan Roitt
2.	Fundamentals of Immunology	Tesdale
3.	Practical Immunology	Hudsons and Hay
4.	Practical Immunology	Talwar
5.	Basic and Clinical Immunology	Peakman & Vergains
6.	Understanding Immunology	Peter Woods & Prentice Hall

SECOND SCHEDULE [r. 2]

DIPLOMA CURRICULUM

MINISTRY OF HEALTH

THE KENYA MEDICAL LABORATORY

TECHNICIANS AND TECHNOLOGISTS BOARD

CURRICULUM

FOR DIPLOMA

IN

MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCES

Course Title1.0Introduction.2.0Rationale.3.0Roles and functions.4.0Programme aim.5.0Programme objectives.6.0Admission requirements.7.0Course duration.8.0Attendance pattern.9.0Award of certificates.10.0Teaching methods.11.0Teaching aids and resources.12.0Resources.13.0Format of students assessment and evaluation.Chemistry.Computers.Entrepreneurship education.Instrumentation.Health management.Management and laboratory practice.Mathematics and statistics.Medical terminologies.Research methods and projects.Social studies, professional conduct, ethics and law. Sterilization and disinfection.Medical microbiology.Clinical chemistry.Haematology.Histopathology and cytopathology.Blood transfusion science.Medical parasitology.Protozoology.Helminthology.Medical entomology.Cestodes.Malacology.Mammology.Insecticides.Virology.Immunology.Appendix 1: Training standards.Appendix 2: Essential equipment.Appendix 3: Essential books.

___________________________

COURSE TITLE

DIPLOMA IN MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCES

1.0INTRODUCTIONThis course is intended to equip the trainees with knowledge, skills and attitudes to enable them to work as medical laboratory technologists.2.0RATIONALEThe public has become more aware of their health needs hence increasing the demand for laboratory services, which also includes use of technology and techniques that were not available previously. Therefore the course aims at providing health care professionals who will serve at Class B Laboratory level at both the public and private sector.3.0ROLES AND FUNCTIONS(i)Carry out laboratory tests.(ii)Analyse, interpret and report laboratory results.(iii)Manage laboratory resources.(iv)Initiate and participate in the improvement of diagnostic procedures.(v)Create awareness and appreciation of laboratory services to the general public.(vi)Plan and set up a laboratory.(vii)Participate in the training of laboratory personnel.(viii)Supervise other laboratory personnel.(ix)Carry out quality assurance and quality control.(x)Participate in continuing medical education.4.0PROGRAMME AIMThe course is intended to equip trainees with knowledge, skills and attitudes that will enable them to provide health services at Class B Laboratory level as medical laboratory technologists.5.0PROGRAMME OBJECTIVESAt the end of the course the trainee should be able to:(i)Apply the principles that form the basis of medical laboratory.(ii)Apply laboratory practice.(iii)Practise safety precautions in a medical laboratory.(iv)Select, set up and operate laboratory equipment.(v)Carry out standard procedures to obtain quality results.(vi)Interpret laboratory results.(vii)Carry out research.(viii)Manage service and resources of a medical laboratory.(ix)Participate in the multi-disciplinary planning, implementation, co-ordination and evaluation of healthcare of the individual and community.(x)Contribute to the development of science and technology through creativity and application of acquired knowledge, skills and attitudes.(xi)Demonstrate the ability to evaluate own performance.(xii)Plan continuing education for self and others.(xiii)Observe the professional code of conduct and ethics.6.0ADMISSION REQUIREMENTSTrainees entering this course should have the following minimum requirements obtained at one sitting:—Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (K.C.S.E.) with a mean grade of C, or equivalent, and in addition a minimum grade of C in the following:—Biology/Biological Sciences Chemistry/Physical Sciences English or Kiswahili They should also have a minimum grade of C in the following:—Mathematics or Physics

OR

Holders of Certificate in Medical Laboratory Sciences with two (2) years relevant experience.7.0COURSE DURATIONThe course is designed to have duration of 3960 contact hours where 1930 hours are spent on campus and 1760 hours are spent on clinical placement.8.0ATTENDANCE PATTERNThe course is designed to be covered as follows—

Year		On Campus	Clinical Placement
	TERM I	440	–
	TERM II	440	–
	TERM III	440	–
	TERM IV	–	440
	TERM V	–	440
	TERM VI	440	–
	TERM VII	–	440
	TERM VIII	–	440
	TERM IX	440	–

9.0AWARD OF CERTIFICATESKMLTTB or its agents shall award the certificates.10.0TEACHING METHODSFor trainees to attain the basic competencies the following teaching methods shall be applied:—• Discussion• Lectures• Role play• Simulation• Demonstration• Independent study (Assignments)• Class practicals• Projects• Tutorials• Attachment• Field visits11.0TEACHING AIDS AND RESOURCESThe following teaching aids and resources shall be applied in the teaching methods employed during the course:—• Chalkboard• Chart• Flipcharts• Models• Specimens• Overhead projector• Radio• Video/film• Computer interactive learning• Computer aided/assisted learning• Computer12.0RESOURCES• Recommended textbooks• Library• Laboratory• Health institutions• Mortuary and museum13.0FORMAT OF STUDENTS ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION13.0.1Each trainee shall be expected to attend at least 90% of the possible attendance in each subject and complete satisfactorily the course work to qualify for the summative exam.13.0.2Each trainee shall be expected to have passed each subject at 50% as the pass mark to qualify to sit that same subject at summative level.13.0.3Course work will be given a weighting of 40% and the final examination given a weighting of 60% in the determination of final results.13.0.4Assessment and evaluation shall be categorised as follows:—13.0.5• Continuous assessment (conducted by institutions)• Timed tests• Carry-away tests• Practicals and orals• Assignments• Projects• Oral examination (viva voce)13.0.6Summative examinationsShall be conducted by the authorized examining body.13.0.7Format of the subjects for examination in final examination shall be:—(a)Project(b)Practical and orals(c)Theory papers(i)Microbiology(ii)Clinical Chemistry(iii)Haematology(iv)Transfusion Sciences(v)Histopathology(vi)Parasitology and Immunology13.0.8Length of papers Time for each paper shall be allocated as follows:—

Project
Practicals and orals
Theory

60 hours
3 hours each
2 hours each

13.0.9Paper StructureThe following formats are suggested theory papers—

Alternative A:	Section A M.C.Q. (40 marks) 15 short, structured questions Section B (30 marks) Section C (30 marks) Two out of three attempted
Alternative B:	Section A (40 marks) 15 short, structured questions Section B (60 marks) Three out of five attempted (long and short)

The following grading system shall be used—

Grade		Score by %
A		75–100
B		65–75
C		50–64
D		40–49
E		1–39

CHEMISTRYThis course is intended to provide trainees with the knowledge-base in the application of knowledge and skills in the professional subjects.GENERAL OBJECTIVESAt the end of the course the trainee should be able to—• State physical and chemical changes;• Describe the atomic structure;• Describe the periodic table, relative to the first twenty elements;• Explain various types of bonds;• Balance chemical equations;• Explain use of pH scale;• Explain the terms used in chromatography as a qualitative method;• Explain the application of different types of chromatography;• Explain titrimetric analysis as a quantitative technique;• Explain concentration terms;• Prepare solutions;• Define the term organic compounds;• Identify functional groups of hydrocarbons;• State common uses of hydrocarbons.

Code	Topic	Sub-topic	Time
	Quantitative analysis	• Definition of qualitative analysis, terms used in chromatography. • Concentration terms. • Preparation of solutions. • Acid/base indicators. • Glassware used in quantitative measurements.
	Organic chemistry	• Terms used. • Difference between saturated and unsaturated compounds. • Homologous series. Common used. Alkanes. Aldehydes. Ketones. Carboxylic acids. Amines.
	Physical and chemical changes	• Physical changes • Chemical changes.
	Atom, elements, compounds and mixtures	• Structure of an atom. • Preparation of an atom. • Dalton’s Atomic Theory. Mixture and compounds. The Periodic Table. Relationship of atom structure of an element to its position in the Periodic Table. Relationship of physical and chemical properties of elements in the Periodic Table.
	Chemical combinations	• Types of bonds. • Chemical equations. • Properties of bonds.
	Acid, bases and salts	• Definition. • Properties. • Differences between weak and strong human acid and bases. • pH scale neutralisation. • Salts.

COMPUTERSAIM:This unit intends to prepare the trainee to understand the role of computers in managing medical laboratory services and project writing.GENERAL OBJECTIVES:At the end of this unit the trainees should be able to:

(1)Describe the basic components of a computer;

(2)State the principles of computer operations and information processing;

(3)Apply common computer software packages for data management;

(4)Use computer for basic data analysis;

(5)Appreciate the role of computers in laboratory sciences.CONTENTS

Topic		Sub-topic
Introduction to computers		Concept of computing. Components of a computer. Hardware – CPU (ALU and control units). • Main memory. • RAM. • ROM. • Auxiliary memory. • Peripherals. Software – OS and Applications. Interaction of hardware and OS.
Principles of computer operations		Computer capability Computer environment • Power assurance. • Dust. • Water leakages. • Temperature. • Humidity. Data – Definition of data and information. Data entry (capturing) • Optical. • Magnetic. • Sound (verbal). Data security • Data back-up. • Persons role to assure correct data. • Operating system. • Application compatibility. • Selection of applications.
Data management		• Introduction to windows. • Word processing: (1) Setting up files. (2) Modifying. (3) Storing. (4) Retrieval of information. (5) Printing. Spreadsheets— Types: Excel File set-up.
Data analysis		Data entry. Data modifications. Printing process. Basic statistical functions. Interpreting of the outputs.
Role of computers		Role of computers in managing laboratory sciences.

ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATIONAIM: This course unit is intended to equip the trainee with the necessary knowledge, skills and attitudes that will enable the trainee to start, operate and manage a personal or group business enterprise.OBJECTIVESAt the end of this unit the trainee should be able to—INSTRUMENTATIONAIM: This course unit is intended to equip the trainee with attitudes, knowledge and skills to be able to handle, maintain, operate and troubleshoot laboratory instruments and apparatus.

OBJECTIVES:At the end of this subject, the trainee should be able to—

(1)Identify a viable business opportunity;

(2)Understand factors liable to affect the success situations;

(3)Apply entrepreneurial competencies in business situations;

(4)Acquire managerial skills necessary for running a successful enterprise.CONTENT

	Topic	Sub-topics	Time
1.	INTRODUCTION	Entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship. Entrepreneur’s contribution to national development. Role of entrepreneurs in business.
2.	ENTREPRENEURIAL OPPORTUNITIES	Generation of business ideas. Business opportunities. Selection of suitable market. Marketing.
3.	ENTREPRENEURIAL AW ARENESS	Business information. Procedures in starting a business. Sources of finance. Factors considered when selecting sources of business finance. Legal aspects of a business enterprise. Government policy. Tendering. Business environment. Technology choice. Business ethics.
4.	ENTREPRENEURIAL MOTIVATION	Characteristics of a successful entrepreneur. Self assessment of entrepreneurial potentials. Incentives for aspiring entrepreneurs.
5.	ENTREPRENEURIAL COMPETENCIES	Decision-making. Coping with change and competition. Risk-taking. Leadership. Communication. Time management.
6.	ENTERPRISE MANAGEMENT	Setting business objectives. Resources management. Financial management. Production planning. Public relations.

INSTRUMENTATIONAIM: This course unit is intended to equip the trainee with attitudes, knowledge and skills to be able to handle, maintain, operate and troubleshoot laboratory instruments and apparatus.OBJECTIVESAt the end of this subject, the trainee should be able to—

(1)Identify the various types of laboratory instruments and apparatus;

(2)Install instruments and organise benches;

(3)Understand the principles of functional units and their application, operate instruments and troubleshoot;

(4)Maintain daily checks, services and decontamination.

Topic	Sub-topic	Contents
Types of laboratory instruments	Instruments	Flame photometer, dissecting microscope, tissue processor, wax dispensers, staining processors, microtomes, paraffin wax oven, knife shapeners, photometers, flourimeters, ISE, pH meter elecrophoresis systems, chromatographic systems, oven incubators, centrifuges, refrigerators, balance, still, glucometers, incubators, autoclave, microscopes, vacuum embedding, cryostat ELISA readers, ELISA washers, mixers, rollers, urinometers, automation, biosafety cabinets sonic and ultrasonic macerators.
	Apparatus	• Fans, electric wiring, plasma extractors, dilutors, dispensers, laboratory ware, hand lenses, intergral syringes, stropes, dissecting kit.
Instrument Installation	Dimensions Bench organization Measurements: Weight Volume Electro-chemistry Pressure	Size of instrument, weight, voltages, ventilation. Safety from water, volatile chemical, fumes, fire outbreak, biowaste. Balances Dilutors, Dispensers Integral syringes and reagent bottles. Ion selective electrode, deionizers, pH meter. Vacuum embedding.
Daily Maintenance	Instruments: Pressure Decontamination: Measurements Weight Volume Electro-chemistry Pressure	Dusting, covering, cleaning of instruments, daily checks, servicing visits, trouble shooting, greasing, defrosting. Cleaning, drying Disinfectants, anti-septics, sterilization Balances Dilutors, dispensary, integral syringes and reagent bottles. Ion selective electrode, deionizers, pH meter. Vacuum embedding autoclave.
Daily maintenance	Instruments: Apparatus Decontamination	Dusting, covering, cleaning of instruments, daily checks, servicing visits, trouble shooting, greasing, defrosting. Cleaning, drying Disinfectants, anti-septics, sterilization.
Principles of functional units	Photometry Heating elements Microscopy Refrigeration Density	Colorimeter, spectrophotometer, random access, nephelometer, automation flame photometer, glucometers. Water bath, incubators, hot air oven, autoclaves, stills, incinerators. Automatic tissue processor, paraffin wax oven, float baths wax dispenser. Light, inverted, photoelectric fluorescent, dark ground, dissecting. Centrifuges, automatic stain processor, refrigerated centrifuge. Deep freezers, refrigerators, cold room cryostat. Urinometers.

Topic	Sub-topic	Contents
	Heating Elements Microscopy Centrifugal forces Refrigeration Density Measurements Weight Volume Electro-chemistry Pressure	Water bath, incubators, hot air oven, autoclaves, stills, incinerators, automatic tissue processor, paraffin wax oven, float baths, wax dispenser, light inverted, photoelectric fluorescent, dark ground, dissecting Centrifuges, automatic stain processor, refrigerated centrifuge Deep freezers, refrigerators, cold room, cryostat Urinometers Balances Dilutors, dispensers, integral syringes and reagents bottles Ion selective electrode, deionizers, pH meter, Vacuum embedding.
Daily maintenance	Instruments Apparatus Decontamination	Dusting, covering, cleaning of instruments, daily checks, servicing visits, troubleshooting, greasing, defrosting. Cleaning, drying Disinfectants, anti-septics, sterilization.

HEALTH MANAGEMENTAIM: This course unit intends to improve the management of health care services and training institutions.GENERAL OBJECTIVESAt the end of this course unit the trainee should be able to:

(1)Describe various principles and management theories applicable to the management of health facilities and training institutions.

(2)Formulate human resources development plan within and out of the organisation.

(3)Manage financial resources in health service organisations and training institutions.

(4)Participate in project proposals and management.

(5)Manage change.

(6)Manage disaster.

No.	Topic	Sub-topic
1.	OVERVIEW OF MANAGEMENT	Role of managers in organizations. Process of management. Importance of management in organisations.
2.	TECHNIQUES OF ORGANIZING	Process of planning. Importance of planning. Techniques used in planning. Strategic planning.
3.	TECHNIQUES OF ORGANIZING ACTIVITY	Basis of organising activities. Circumstances of choosing basis. Merits and demerits of each base.
4.	TECHNIQUES OF CO-ORDINATION	Process of co-ordination. Role of manager in directing organisational activities. Techniques used in co-ordination.
5.	HUMAN RESOURCE CO-ORDINATION	Structuring the system (analyzing and designing jobs). Recruitment, selection, placement internal mobility. Separations, death, retirements or resignation. Performance appraisal. Preparing for advancement.
6.	MANAGEMENT OF CHANGE OF CONFLICTS	Factors influencing organization chances. Causes of resistance to change. How to overcome employee resistance to change. Techniques of managing change.
7.	TECHNIQUES OF MANAGING TIME	Meaning of conflicts. Advantages and disadvantages of conflicts in an organization. Techniques of managing conflicts.
8.	STRESS MANAGEMENT	Meaning of stress. Causes of stress. Techniques of managing stress.
9.	TECHNIQUES OF CONTROL IN ORGANISATIONS	Importance and nature of control. Types of control systems. Control techniques.

MANAGEMENT AND LABORATORY PRACTICEAIMThis course unit is intended to equip trainees with knowledge, skills and attitudes to manage laboratory personnel, materials and equipment.GENERAL OBJECTIVESAt the end of this course unit the trainee should be able to:—

(1)Design a standard laboratory layout.

(2)Practice general safety procedures in the laboratory.

(3)Care for laboratory equipment apparatus and glassware.

(4)Maintain a laboratory store.

(5)Administer first aid.

(6)Demonstrate first aid procedures to handle a victim.

(7)Manage the laboratory resources.

(8)Communicate effectively.

Code	Topic	Sub-topic	Time
	Laboratory design	Setting of the laboratory. Layout/floor plan. Bench types. Sinks and drainage. Floor surfaces. Types of ventilation. Lighting in the laboratory. Conversion of an existing building to laboratory.
	Safety precautions	Sources of danger in the laboratory and their prevention. Lab operation. Chemicals. Biological materials. Fires. Explosions. Gas cylinders. Electricity. Radiation. Use of protective clothing. Handling procedures. Choice of laboratory materials. Regulations. Role of supervisor.
	Care for laboratory equipment	Spectrophotometers. Refrigerators. Microscopes. Incubators ovens. Water baths. Distillers and deionizers. Balances. Flame photometers. ELISA equipment. pH meters. Electrophoresis equipment. Microtomes.
	Management	Explanation of management. Management and schools of thought. Principals of management. Planning and forecasting. Organizing. Controlling. Leading. Directing staffing. Co-ordinating. Motivating.
	Organization	Structure. Principles of organization. Relationship. Delegation.
	Management styles	Management by objectives. Management by exceptions. Management by crisis.
	Materials control	Sources of information. Purchasing procedures. Receiving procedure. Types of storekeeper. Store documents. Control of stock levels. Security and protection of materials.
	Laboratory records	Methods of storing and retrieving. Setting up protection of materials.
	Communication	Purpose of communication. Process of communication. Informal and formal. Methods of transmission. Forms of written communication. Procedures used in planning and conducting. Interviews and meetings. Report writing— 1. General, 2. Technical. External communication. Mass media as a form.
	First-aid	Definition, aims and roles of first-aid. Assessment of accident situations. Clinical conditions requiring first-aid. First-aid. Ethics in first-aid. Demonstrations from St. John on first-aid and techniques.

MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICSAIM:This course unit is intended to equip the trainees with the knowledge, skills and attitude required for the understanding of mathematical and statistical skills applied in the core and support areas.GENERAL OBJECTIVESAt the end of this subject the trainee should be able to:

(1)Perform basic operations on numbers and algebraic expressions.

(2)Perform calculations using the scientific calculator.

(3)Demonstrate knowledge of the statistical techniques applied in data collection representation and interpretation.

	Topic	Sub-topic
1.		The scientific calculator, use of.
2.	NUMBERS	Decimals. Fractions. Rounding. Standard form.
3.	ALGEBRA	Algebraic expressions. Equations – linear; simultaneous. Quadratic— indices and logarithms— exponential and log, equations.
4.	GRAPHS	Straight line graphs. Curves. Exponential. Deduction of laws to linear form. Gradients intercepts.
5.	RATIO, PROPORTION, PERCENTAGE AND VARIATION	Ratio. Proportion/Variation. Inverse, direct partial and joint. Percentage.
6.	MEASURING	Systems, conversions of units. Area, calculation of volume.
7.	DIFFERENTIATION AND INTEGRATION	Introduction of differentiation. Introduction of integration. Applications of differentiation and integration.
8.	STATISTICS	Collection of data. Organization of data. Representation of data. Statistical measures. Mean. Median. Mode. Standard deviation. Interpretation of data. Introduction. Simple regression and correlation. Analysis.
9.	PROBABILITY	Definition of probability. Classical definition. Axiomatic definition.

MEDICAL TERMINOLOGIESAIM: This unit is intended to enable students apply medical terminologies in reporting of laboratory results and use them for the purposes of interaction in class and the work-place.OBJECTIVESAt the end if this unit the students should be able to:—

(1)List commonly used medical terms and words.

(2)Discuss the meaning of medical words and terms.

(3)Understand Greek alphabets.

(4)Explain the usage and applicability of terms and words used in medicine.

(5)Understand the synthesis and analysis of medical words and terms.

(6)Synthesize and analyze medical words and terms.

	Topic	Sub-topic
1.	Introduction to medical terminologies	History and origin of medical terms. Qualities of medical languages. Principles of derived from Latin and Greek languages without alterations or modified to improve accuracy by addition of:— • “oid”, •“iform”, • prefixes such as “para” and “pseudo”.
2.	Medical words and terms	Words roots, prefix, suffix, combining forms. Compound words. Greek and Latin. Anatomical synonyms.
3.	Greek alphabets	List Greek alphabets and their meaning.
4.	Application of medical words and terms	Resemblance – words derived with little or no alterations. Prefix “pseudo” (meaning an example). Words pertaining to— Cavities, membranes and partitions. Opening and communications— – fluids and substance quantity, – deficiency. Deficiency. Excess numbers. Paired and unpaired. Measurements and size. Textures and fabrics. Air and breadth. Form and sharp. Color. Hardness and softness. Thickness and weight. Surface identity relations. Age. Positions and relative arrangements and distributions.
		Approximation and separation. Visibility. Temperature. Time. Goodness and badness. Ease and difficulty. Movement and transport. Sensation, feeling and affection. Growth and reproduction. Nutrition, digestion and excretions. Special service, cutaneous sensation. Mental states construction. Destruction and obstruction. Protection. Wasting, decay and death. Entomological terms.

RESEARCH METHODS AND PROJECTSAIM: This course aims at equipping the trainees with knowledge, skills and attitudes that will enable them carry out scientific projects.GENERAL OBJECTIVESAt the end of this course unit, the trainees should be able to:—(i)Formulate hypotheses.(ii)Prepare a research proposal and budget proposal.(iii)Design a sampling frame.(iv)Collect, organise and represent data.(v)Use statical techniques in data analysis.(vi)Apply computer techniques in data analysis.(vii)Observe ethical standards in research.(viii)Present a project report in a structured format.

Topics		Sub-topic
Introduction		– Hypothesis, research questions, objectives. – Ethical considerations.
Population and Sampling		– Population. – Types of sampling. – Probability sampling methods. – Non-probability sampling methods.
Data collection		– Observation methods. – Interviews and questionnaires. – Trace measures. – Content analysis. – Data archives. – Measurements.
Data analysis		– Qualitative methods. – Quantitative method (Statistics)— • binomial distribution. • poison distribution. • normal distribution. • student distribution. • estimation theory. • test of hypothesis in large and small samples.
Use of computer		– In statistical analysis. – In data organization. – Production of report.
Sampling frame		– Significance of sampling. – Methods of sampling— • probability samples, • non-probability samples.
Data collection		– Methods of collecting data— • Observation methods. • Interviews and questionnaires. • Trace measures. • Content analysis. • Data archives. • Measurements.
Data analysis		– Qualitative. – Quantitative analysis • binomial distribution. • poison distribution. • student distribution.
Test of hypothesis		– Estimation theory. – Test of hypothesis in large sample and small sample.
Computer applications		– Application of statistical computer packages for analysis. – Application of computers packers for data organization.

SOCIAL STUDIES, PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT, ETHICS AND LAWAIM: This course unit is intended to equip the trainee with knowledge skills and attitudes for effective role-play in society and work-place:OBJECTIVESAt the end of this course unit the trainee should be able to:—

(1)Portray acquired attitudes in relation to work and society.

(2)Develop cultural values for self-development.

(3)Formulate personal ideas.

(4)Relate the behaviour of individuals to their efficiency and effectiveness in an organisation.

(5)Understand the Public Health Act (Cap. 242 of the Laws of Kenya) and the KLMTTB Act (Act Cap.253A) and any other relevant provisions of the general law.

(6)Comply with the provisions of the MLTT Act and the relevant provision of the Public Health and other relevant provisions of the general law.

(7)Understand the role of Government.

CONTENT

	Topics	Sub-topics
1.	Social studies	– Medical psychology. – Medical sociology. – Basic economics – elements. – Social economics. – Government. – National philosophy. – Science and technology. – Commerce. – Personal inter-relationships. – Public relations.
2.	Ethics	– Meaning and importance. – Description of the role of religion influencing morality in society. – Significance of social and individuals. – Role of humanism in society. – Professional conduct and ethics. – Part VI of the Constitution of the Association of Kenya Medical Laboratory Scientific Officers. – Technology and religion.
3.	Law	– Definition. – Importance. – Sources of Kenyan Law – Constitution, Public Health Act Cap. 242 of the Law of Kenya, Medical laboratory Technicians and Technologists. – Cap. 253A. – Law of contract. – Law of tort. – Family law. – Land/real property –basic interests. – Law in the day to day life of an individual.

STERILIZATION AND DISINFECTIONAIMThe subject is intended to equip the trainee with knowledge skills, and attitudes to be able to practise sterilisation and disinfection in medical laboratory.OBJECTIVESAt the end of this course unit the trainee should be able to:—

(1)Define terminologies used in sterilisation and disinfection.

(2)Explain the principles of sterilisation and disinfection.

(3)Explain methods and factors influencing sterilisation.

(4)Describe the techniques used in sterility testing.

(5)Carry out sterilisation, disinfection, waste disposal and check sterilisation.

	Topic	Sub-topic
(i)	Terminology	Germicides, disinfection, Bactericides, antiseptics, Fungicides, bacteriostats.
(ii)	Principles	Oxidation, Lysis (membrane disruption) denaturation of proteins, ionization and enzyme poisons.
(iii)	Methods	Physical Heat: dry heat, moist heat. Radiation: Ultra-violet. Radiation: Ionizing. Filtration: Chemicals: Alcohol, chloroform, chlorine, glycerol, phenol, cresol, aldehydes, ethylene oxide, quarternary, ammonium compounds.
(iv)	Factors	Nature, local and type of Micro-organisms, nature of Material and containers, time, temperature, humidity, organic, contaminants.
(v)	Sterility testing	Automatic process control. Recording thermometers. Thermocouple measurement. Chemical indicators, autoclave tape. Biological control.
(vi)	Practicals	Safety measures, sterilization. Disinfection, waste disposal, check sterility.

MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGYAIM: This course unit is intended to equip the trainee with knowledge, skills and attitudes to be able to work, supervise and teach as a Medical Laboratory Technologist in a Class B Laboratory.GENERAL OBJECTIVESAt the end of this course unit the trainee should be able to:—

(1)Explain the principles relating to taxonomy, nomenclature, classification and characterisation of micro-organisms.

(2)Understand and apply safety precautions in sterilisation and disposal methods.

(3)Understand the principles and operations of equipments used in the laboratory.

(4)Explain and carry out the procedure of specimen collection and handling.

(5)Apply the laboratory procedures used to investigate the diseases caused by micro-organisms.

(6)Contribute to the development of knowledge and research in medical sciences.

(7)Handle patients with care.

(8)Understand and apply the principles of quality control.

(9)Describe the sampling procedures in water, food and milk bacteriology.YEAR 1 GENERAL OBJECTIVESAt the end of the first year the trainee should be able to:—

(1)State and define the major classes of micro-organisms.

(2)Understand and apply safety precautions in sterilisation and disposal methods.

(3)Explain and carry out the procedures of specimen collection and handling.

(4)Explain the preparation of common stains.

(5)Prepare and use common culture media.

(6)Explain the identification methods of bacteria.

(7)Describe and apply antimicrobial susceptibility testing.

(8)Describe the properties, pathogenesis and epidemiology of medically important bacteria.

(9)Describe the laboratory diagnosis.CONTENT : YEAR 1

	Topic	Sub-topic	T	P
1.	INTRODUCTION TO MICRO-BIOLOGY	– Definition. – Nomenclature. – Classification. – Characterization.
2.	SAFETY	– W.H.O. code of practice. – Laboratory acquired infections. – Classes of laboratories. – Hazard groups. – Laboratory wastes. – Types of safety cabinets. – Handling and storage of chemicals.
3.	STERILIZATION	– Definitions. – Methods of sterilization. – Factors influencing sterilization. – Sterility testing.
4.	COLLECTION AND PROCESSING OF SPECIMENS	– Specimen containers. – Types of specimens. – Transportation. – Processing. – Preservation.
5.	STAINING	– Preparation of a smear. – Types of stains. – Preparation of stains. – Staining methods. – Factors affecting staining.
6.	CULTURE MEDIA	– Types. – Ingredients. – Classes. – Preparation. – Storage. – Quality control.
7.	CULTURIVATION OF MICRO-ORGANISMS	– Culture methods. – Factors affecting growth. – Cultural characteristics.
8.	IDENTIFICATION OF BACTERIA	– Biochemical tests. – Serological tests.
9.	ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY TESTING	– Definition. – Mechanisms of action. – Factors affecting susceptibility tests. – Susceptibility testing.
10.	BACTERIOLOGY	Genus: – Staphylococcus. – Streptococcus. – Neisseria. – Escherichia. – Klebsiella. – Citrobacter. – Enterobacter. Yersinia. Salmonella. Shigella. Proteus. Haemophilus. Peudomonas. Vibrio. Brucella. Bordetella. Bacillus. Costridium.

YEAR 2 GENERAL OBJECTIVESAt the end of the second year the trainee should be able to:—

(1)Apply safety techniques in a medical microbiology laboratory.

(2)Perform sterilisation, disinfection and disposal methods in microbiology.

(3)Collect, handle, transport, process and preserve specimens.

(4)Analyse data for project work.

(5)Write a project report:

☐ Project title selections.
☐ Sources of data
☐ Available materials and equipment.
☐ Finance/budget.

	Topic	Sub-topic
1.	SAFETY	Safety techniques in microbiology laboratory.
2.	STERILIZATION	Sterilization methods. Disinfection.
3.	SPECIMENS	Collection. Transportation. Preservation. Processing.
4.	LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS	Laboratory procedures used in diagnosis of common diseases. Sensitivity tests.

YEAR IIIGENERAL OBJECTIVESAt the end of the third year the trainee should be able to:—

(1)Describe the sampling procedures in water bacteriology.

(2)Describe bacteriological analysis of water, milk and food.

(3)Classify moulds and yeasts of medical importance.

(4)State various fungal diseases.

(5)Describe the culture methods.

(6)Explain the laboratory diagnosis.

1.	BACTERIOLOGY (CONTD.)	Corynebacterium. Mycobacterium. Borrelia. Leptospira.
2.	BACTERIOLOGY OF W ATER, MILK AND FOOD	Water sampling. Bacteriological analysis of water, milk and food.
	Topic	Sub-topic
3.	MYCOLOGY	Definition. Morphological classification. Laboratory diagnosis. Diseases. Culture methods.

CLINICAL CHEMISTRYAIM:This course unit is intended to equip the trainee with attitudes, knowledge and skills to be able to work, supervise and teach as a Medical Laboratory Technologist in a class B laboratory.GENERAL OBJECTIVESAt the end of this course unit the trainee should be able to:—

(1)Explain and apply chemistry.

(2)Describe and apply clinical chemistry.

(3)Explain and practice safety measures.

(4)Maintain, operate and care for equipment and apparatus.

(5)Store chemicals and reagents.

(6)Explain theories of principles of techniques in clinical chemistry.

(7)Carry out various diagnostic techniques.

(8)Collect specimens.

(9)Apply clinical chemistry in research.YEAR 1 GENERAL OBJECTIVES(TO COVER YEAR 1: TERMS 2 AND 3, AND YEAR)—(i)Understand chemistry and its application.(ii)Describe and apply concepts of clinical chemistry.(iii)Explain safety measures.(iv)Maintain, operate and care for equipment and apparatus.(v)Store chemicals and reagents.(vi)Explain theories of principles.(vii)Collect specimens.

	Topic	Sub-topic	Content
TERM II	Introduction General Chemistry	Physical chemistry	Definition, diagnosis, importance. Atoms, atomic structure, valency, thermo-chemistry, redox, reactions, acids, bases, colligative properties, rates of reactions, theories of catalyses.
		Inorganic reactions	Colour of solids and solutions, solubility, thermodynamics, qualitative analysis.
		Volumetric analysis, titrimetric analysis is preferred	Standard solutions, weights and measures, theory and choice of indicators, dissociation constants, buffers, pH, acid-base, redox and precipitation.
			Titrations.
		Organic chemistry	Structure of carbon compounds isomerism, homologous series, aromatic compounds, functional groups, reaction process.
	Concepts of clinical chemistry	Biochemistry	Amino acids and proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, enzymes, nucleo-proteins, nucleic acids, porphyrins and bile pigments.
		Physiology organs	Kidney, liver, pancreas, stomach, lungs, heart.
		Hormones	Origin, structure, general functions, control, feedback and other regulatory factors.
		Blood fluids	Blood, ascitic, lymph, CSF.
		Pathology	Nephrosis, renal calculi, diuresis, acidosis, alkalosis, hepatomegaly, cirrhosis, hepatoma, hepatitis, gallstones, myocardial infarction glycaemia, cancer of the pancreas, diabetes, gastritis, fertility hormones, thyroid hormones, tertiary hypercalcaemia.
		Function tests	Renal, thyroid, liver cardiac, pancreatic, lipid profile.
	Safety measures	Chemicals	Sources of injuries – carcinogenic, poisons, corrosives, volatiles, radio-active, explosives, fumes. Protective measures – protective gear, handling fire, fighting, gadgets and disposal.
		Biological specimen	Sources of infection – exudates, stool aerosols, CSF. Protective measures – mechanical, electric thermal (hot water), air dry heat. Protective measures – protective gear, bench organization, insulation, voltage.
		Laboratory ware	Sources of injuries – breakages, sharps, mechanical. Protective measures – protective gear, handling, disposal.
	Specimen collection	Mode of collection Types of specimen	Containers, anticoagulants. Disposable syringes and needles, labels, preservatives, request form, interpretation. Aseptic techniques, hygienic sites and stasis. Blood, urine, stool, CSF, aspirates, exudates.
	Principle of techniques	Pipeting	Capillarity, negative pressure, atmospheric pressure.
		Qualitative analysis	Physical examination, chemical analysis, chromatography, microscopy.
		Quantitative analysis	Photometry, volumetric analysis, gravimetry, fluorimetry, electrochemistry chromatography, electrophoresis, radio-activity, automation.

TERM 3 DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUESTHEORY AND PRACTICALS (URINE CHEMISTRY)

Diagnostic Techniques

Urine

Quantitive:Volume, colour, appearance, odour, sugar, ketones, bilirubin, urobilinogen, urobilin, urinary proteins, pH, crystals, casts, cells, SG, surface tension, nitrate, hormones, porphyrines.
Quantitive:
clearance, osmolarity, electrolytes, phosphates, enzymes, proteins, Glucose, hormones, porphyrins, electrophoresis, chromatography.

YEAR 2: TERM IDIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUESTHEORY AND PRACTICALS (BLOOD)

Blood (plasma)

Qualitative:-
Haemolysis, jaundice,
coagulum, lipaemia.
Quantitative:
Sugars, proteins, urea,
bilirubin, creatinine,
electrolytes, uric acid,
enzymes, hormones, lipids,
HB AIC, inorganic phosphates,
TIBC, electrophoresis,
chromatography.

YEAR 3: TERM II AND IIIGENERAL OBJECTIVESAt the end of this period the trainee should:—

(1)Practice safety measures.

(2)Apply concepts of clinical chemistry.

(3)Maintain, operate and care for equipment and apparatus.

(4)Store chemicals and reagents.

(5)Collect specimens.

(6)Carry out diagnostic techniques.

(7)Apply clinical chemistry in research.Content:Take precautions when handling: carcinogens, poisons, corrosives, volatiles, radioactives, explosives, fumes, biological specimens, (urine, blood, stool, CSF, aspirates, exudates) instruments, laboratory ware, maintain, operate and care for microscope, centrifuge, refrigerator, balances, auto-analysers, electrophoresis machine, pH meter, mantle heaters, mechanical heaters, water bath, colorimeter, flame photometer, spectrophotometer, distillers, de-ionisers, incubators, glucometer, fluorimeter, scanners.–Store acids, alkalis, reagents, and chemicals.–Collect urine, blood, stool, aspirates, exudates, and blood separation.–Check for volume appearance, odour, colour, SG, pH, proteins, glucose, bilirubin, urobilinogen, urobilin, nitrates, ketones.–Determine urinary glucose, proteins enzymes, chlorides, and urea.–Determine the following in blood glucose, albumin, total protein, bilirubin, urea, electrolytes, cardiac enzymes, L.F.T.S., lipid, profile, fertility, hormonal profile, thyroid hormones.Determine the following in body fluids:—CSF – appearance, colour, clots, biochemistry (glucose, protein).Aspirates and exudates (glucose protein).Determine the following in stool– Tryptic activity.– Faecal fat.Occult blood.Perform the following in gastric juice:– Check for volume, appearance, starch, bile pigments, blood, and mucus.– Determine pH and tritable acidity.– Clinical chemistry in research.– Collect data for the analytes.GENERAL OBJECTIVES:- YEAR 3 TERMS 2 AND 3• Explain theories of principles.• Manage resources.• Apply clinical chemistry in research.

Year 3	Body Fluids	Qualitative: Appearance, coagulum, turbidity, volume, chemical analysis, pH.
Term 2		Quantitative: Biochemistry – proteins and sugars, titration, pH.
Resource Management	Fiscal	Financial Resources: Maintenance cost, record keeping, centralised Storage.
	Human	Personnel management, intersectoral collaboration.
Clinical	Nosographical	Epidemiology, sensitivity, correlation to reference ranges (values).
Chemistry Research	Situation Analysis	Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM)
Year 3	Project revision
Term 3	Examination

HAEMATOLOGYAIM: At the end of this course unit the trainee should be equipped with knowledge, skills and attitudes in order to perform and detach hematological techniques and manage laboratory resources in a Class B laboratory.GENERAL OBJECTIVESAt the end of this session the trainee should be able to:—(a)Explain the use of haematology.(b)Observe safety measures in haematology laboratory.(c)Explain composition and functions of blood components.(d)Explain haemopoesis.(e)Collect and store haematological blood samples.(f)Prepare and store haematological reagents.(g)Enumerate all blood cells.(h)Perform P.C.V. and E.S.R. estimation.(i)Describe haemoglobin estimation.(j)Calculate all haematological indices and interpret results.(k)Prepare stain report and comment on peripheral blood film.(l)Explain various types of anaemia.YEAR 1: TERMS (2, 3)AIM: At the end of this course the trainee should be equipped with basic knowledge, skills and attitudes to be able to perform haematological techniques and interpret the results accurately in a laboratory.

OBJECTIVES

(1)Explain the use of haematology.

(2)Observe safety measures in haematology laboratory.

(3)Explain composition and functions of blood components.

(4)Explain haemopoesis.

(5)Collect and store haematological reagents.

(6)Prepare and store haematological reagents.

(7)Enumerate all blood cells, perform P.C.V. and E.S.R. estimations.

(8)Describe haemoglobin synthesis.

(9)Perform haemoglobin estimation.

(10)Calculate all haematological indices an interpret results.

(11)Prepare stain report and comment on peripheral blood film.

	Topic	Sub-topic
1.	INTRODUCTION	Definition. Importance. Safety precaution.
2.	BLOOD COMPOSITION	Erythrocytes. Leucocytes. Thrombocytes. Plasma.
3.	FUNCTION OF COMPONENTS	Erythrocytes. Neutrophilis. Monocytes. Lymphocytes. Eosinophils. Basophils. Thrombocytes. Plasma.
4.	HAEMOPOERISIS	Intra-uterine (foetal). Post-uterine (after birth). Extra-medullary hemopoeisis. (Myeloid metaplasia). Life-span of blood cells.
5.	HAEMATOLOGICAL SAMPLES	Anticoagulants. blood collection containers. Capillary blood sample. Venous blood sample techniques.
6.	PERIPHERAL BLOOD	Thin film preparation. Thick film preparation. Uses, purpose techniques.
7.	CYTOMORPHOLOGY OF BLOOD CELLS	Normal blood cells— (a) erythrocytes leucocytes platelets; (b) immature blood cells characteristics and significance.
8.	HAEMATOLOGICAL STAINS	Romanowsky stain: (i) Leishman. (ii) Jenners stains. (iii) Wrights stain. (iv) May grunwald. (v) Giemsa.
9.	HAEMOCYTOMETRY	Total blood cell counts. Red blood cells. White blood cells. Platelets. Differential leukocyte count. Battlement method. Longitudinal. Reticulocyte count.
10.	PACKED CELL VOLUME	Electronic blood cell counter. Micro haematocrit method. Macro haematocrit method. Electronic method. Sources of error techniques.
11.	ERYROCYTE SEDIMENTATION RATE	Wintrobe method. W estergren method. Laudau Adam’s. Electronic method. Factors affecting E.S.R. estimation techniques.
12.	HAEMOGLOBIN	Definition. Synthesis. Types of haemoglobin. Heamoglobinopathes. Methods of estimation. Haemoglobin curve.
13.	HAEMATOLOGICAL INDICES	Mean cell volume. Mean cell haemoglobin. Concentration. Mean cell haemoglobin (manual and electronic) techniques.
14.	SYSTEMATIC REPORTING OF THE FILM	Red blood cells. White blood cells. Platelets. SI blood parasites. Comments.
15.	ANAEMIA	Definition. Pathogenesis. Causes of anaemia. Classification. Types of anaemia. Laboratory investigation. Management.
16.	HAEMASTOSIS	Definition. Vascular system. Coagulation mechanism— (i) intrinsic mechanism, (ii) extrinsic mechanism, (iii) common pathway.
17.	FIBRINOLYSIS	*Investigation of haemostatic Bleeding time. Clotting time. Prothrombin time test. APTT Thrombin time substitution test.
18.	INTRODUCTION TO AUTOMATED COAGULATION, INTRODUCTION TO SUBSTITUTION TESTS	Electronic methods. KCCT Substitution test. Using normal plasma. Using old serum. Using absorbed plasma. PTT substitution test. Using Russel viper venom. Thrombin time substitution test. Using reptilase. Using protamine sulphate. Using aminocarproic acid.

YEAR 2: TERMS 4, 5, 6OBJECTIVESAt the end of this year, the trainee should be able to:—☐ Produce data for research.☐ Perform the tests listed in the practical rotation guidelines booklet.☐ Explain types of anaemia.CONTENT☐ Practical placement.☐ Data collection for project work.☐ Performance of haematological tests as listed in the practical rotation booklet.

Topic		Sub-topic
Anaemia		– Definition. – Classification. – Clauses. – Types of anaemia. – Laboratory investigations. – Management.

YEAR 3 – TERMS 7, 8, 9At the end of this session, the trainee should be able to:—• Explain haemostatic mechanism.• Perform tests for haemostatic disorders.• Explain substitution tests.• Produce research project work.CONTENT

Topic		Sub-topic
Haemostasis		– Definition. – Vascular system. – Coagulation mechanisms. (i) Intensive mechanisms. (ii) Extrinsic mechanisms. (iii) Common pathway. (iv) Fibrinolytic mechanisms. – Investigation of hemostasis (i) Bleeding time. (ii) Clotting time. (iii) Prothrombin time test. (iv) A.P.T.T. (v) Thrombin time.
Introduction to substitution tests		KCCT substitution test- (i) Using normal plasma. (ii) Using old serum. (iii) Using adsorbed plasma. P.T.T. substitution test— (i) Using russell viper venom. (ii) Thrombin time. Substitution test— (i) Using reptilase. (ii) Using protamine sulphate. (iii) Using amino caproic acid. Revision.

HAEMATOLOGY PRACTICALS

1.	COLLECTION OF BLOOD	– Thin film. – Thick film.
2.	PREPARATION OF ROMANOW SKY STAINS	– Leishman’s stains. – Field stain. – Leishman stain. – Marygrunwald stain. – Jenner’s stain. – Wrights stain.
3.	ROMANOW SKY STAINING TECHNIQUES
4.	BLOOD CELL COUNT	– Total. – Differential.

5.	SUPRAVITAL STAINS	– B.C.B. – New Methylene Blue. – Methyl Violet.
6.	SUPRAVITAL STAINING	– Recticulocyte count. – Heinz body preparation.
7.	PCV ESTIMATION	– Micro method. – Macro method.
8.	E.S.R.	– Wintrobe’s method. – W estergren’s method.
9.	HAEMOGLOBIN ESTIMATION	– Sahli method. – Cyanmethaemoglobin. – Oxyhaemoglobin method. – Haemoglobin curve.
10.	REPORTING OF BLOOD FILM	– Red cells. – White cells. – Platelets. – Comments.
11.	HAEMATOLOGICAL INDICES	– M.C.V. – M.C.H. – M.C.H.C.
12.	BONE MARROW FILM PREPARATION	– Straight film. – Squash film.
13.	IRON STAINING TECHNIQUE (PPB)
14.	L.E. BODY PREPARATION
15.	OSMOTIC FRAGILITY TEST
16.	HAEMOGLOBIN ELECTROPHORESIS (LAPE)
17.	HAEMOGLOBIN-F ESTIMATION (SINGER’S METHOD)
18.	G.G.P.D. SCREENING TEST	– Ivy’s method.
19.	BLEEDING TIME TEST	– Duke’s method.
20.	CLOTTING TIME TEST	– Lee and White Method.
21.	PROTHROMBIN TIME TEST
22.	THROMBIN TIME TEST
23.	KAOLIN AND CEPHALIN CLOTTING TIME TEST (KCCT) OR A.P.T.T.
24.	WASHING OF GLASSWARE

HISTOPATHOLOGY AND CYTOPATHOLOGYAIM: The course unit is intended to equip the trainees with knowledge, skills and attitudes that enable them to handle histopathological and cytopathological situation in Class B laboratory.GENERAL OBJECTIVESAt the end of this course unit, the trainees should be able to:—(i)Explain concepts related to histopathological and cytopathological techniques.(ii)Apply knowledge, skills and attitudes acquired for diagnostic purposes in Histopathology and cytology laboratory.(iii)Select and apply histopathogical and cytopathological techniques.(iv)Understand the principles and operations of equipments used in histopathology and cytopathology.(v)Perform cytological screening techniques for diagnostic purposes.(vi)Apply mausoleum techniques for diagnostic purposes and service to the public.(vii)Observe and practice safety procedures in the reagents and apparatus.YEAR 1: TERM TWOOBJECTIVES:At the end of this term, the trainee should be able to:—(i)Explain terms used in histopathology and cytopathology.(ii)Demonstrate cell and epithelium.(iii)Describe the systems of the body.(iv)Define fixation and classify fixatives.CONTENTSIntroduction:—Importance and uses of histopathology and cytopathology.–Terminologies used.–Sources of specimens.–Cell and Epithelium—–Cell structure and composition.–Cell function.–Cell division.–Cell ageing.–Four primary tissues.–Types of epithelial cells.–Functions of epithelial.–The body systems:—Parts and functions of—Urinary, circulatory, digestive, reproductive, muscular, skeletal, glandular and respiratory systems.–Fixation and fixatives:-–Definition, terms used.–Purposes of fixation.–Fixing agents.–Effects of fixations.–Preparation of fixations.–Methods of fixing.–Storage after use.YEAR 1: TERM 3OBJECTIVES:—At the end of this term, the trainee should be able to:—(i)Perform decalcification and decalcifying methods employed.(ii)Perform tissue processing.(iii)Identify various types of equipments used.(iv)Explain and prepare section adhesives.CONTENTS(i)Decalcification: Definition–Methods of decalcification-–End points of decalcification.–Treatment after decalcification.(ii)Tissue processing—–Dehydration, clearing.–Infiltration, Impregnating.–Embedding, Embedding media.–Embedding moulds.(iii)Contents:-–Automatic tissue processors.–Microtomes, vacuum embedding machines, microtomes knives.–Hones, stoppers, knife sharpeners.–Cryostas.(iv)Section Adhensives:-–Types of adhensives.–Purpose of adhensives.–Preparation of adhensives.

YEAR 2: TERM 4OBJECTIVES:At the end of this term, the trainee should be able to:—(i)Describe principles of staining.(ii)Demonstrate histological pigments.(iii)Prepare mountants and classify mounting media.CONTENTS(i)Principles of staining—Definition of dyes and stains–Preparation of stains.–Types of staining reactions, types of stains.–Staining methods.–Staining equipments and apparatus used.(ii)Histological pigments:-– Definitions.–Types of pigments.–Their identification.–Their demonstration and or removal.(iii)Mountants:–Types of mounting media.–Uses of mountants.–Methods of mounting.–Ringing media.YEAR 3: TERM 8OBJECTIVESAt the end of this term, the trainee should be able to:Describe cytopathology and perform cytological techniques.Perform museum techniques.CONTENTS(i)Cytopathology:–Definition, terminologies used, applications of cytology.–Sources of specimens.–Collection, Fixatives employed.–Staining methods.–Screening and classification of pap smears.–Equipments and apparatus used.(ii)Museum Techniques:—–Collection of museum specimens.–Methods of preparation.–Labeling and display of specimens.

YEAR 3: TERM 9OBJECTIVES:At the end of this term, the trainee should be able to:(i)Understand concepts related to mausoleum techniques.(ii)Explain safety precautions in relation to histopathological and cytological laboratories.CONTENTS(i)Mausoleum Techniques:—Public relations.Cultural/religious values.Body handling.Body dressing.Public Health Act on body disposal.Embalming.Body suturing.(ii)Safety Precautions:—Fire hazards.Physical injuries.Chemical injuries.Explosives/implosives.Infectious specimen.BLOOD TRANSFUSION SCIENCEAIM:At the end of this course unit the trainee should be equipped with knowledge, skills and attitudes in order to perform and teach various laboratory techniques and manage laboratory resources at the intermediate level.GENERAL OBJECTIVES:(i)Describe various blood group systems.(ii)Perform ABO and Rh typing.(iii)Perform compatibility tests.(iv)Investigate complication arising from antigen-antibody reaction.(v)Interpret the laboratory test and advice accordingly.(vi)Prepare reagents used in blood transfusion laboratory; observe lab safety and quality control measures.(vii)Organize blood campaigns, recruit donors and screen donated blood for infectious diseases.(viii)Prepare and store blood products.(ix)Manage blood donor centre.YEAR ONE 1 OBJECTIVESAt the end of this session the trainee should be able to:—(i)Define terminologies used in blood transfusion science.(ii)Describe various blood group systems.(iii)Perform ABO and Rh typing.(iv)Explain blood group anomalies.(v)Carry out compatibility test.(vi)Perform blood transfusion techniques.(vii)Investigate complication arising from antigen-antibody reaction.(viii)Interpret laboratory test results and advise accordingly;(ix)Prepare reagents used in blood transfusion laboratory.(x)Observe laboratory safety and quality control measures.(xi)Explain haemolytic disease of the new-born.CONTENT

Topic		Sub-topic
Introduction		Definition of the term. Blood transfusion service. Blood importance.
Terminologies		Antigen. Antibodies. Agglutination. Haemolysis. Sensitization. Precipitation. Complement. Hapten. Inhibition. Neutralization. Immunization.
ABO blood group system		History. Significance of ABO system. Inheritance. Antigens. Antibodies. ABO sub-groups. ABO grouping techniques.
Rhesus blood group system		History. Significance of Rh System. Inheritance. Antigens. Nomenclature. Variants of D antigens. Rhesus null phenotype. Rhesus grouping techiniques.
TOPIC (4)
ABH blood group system		Definition. H-Gene. A-Gene. B-Gene. O-gene. Bombay phenotype.
Blood group specific substances		Definition. Types. Secretor status (Se gene). Significance. Techniques.
Other blood group systems		MNSS. Kell. Duffy. I. P. Lewis. Lutheran. Kidd. Xg.
Blood group anomalies		Conditional, physical. Hereditary.
Preparation of reagents used in blood transfusion		Normal saline. 22% bovine albumin. Coombs reagents (AHG). Lectins. Antisera. Enzymes.
TOPIC (5)
Blood transfusion techniques		Direct coomb’s. Indirect coomb’s. Antibody screening test.
		Antibody titration. Antibody identification. Absorption techniques. Absorption techniques. Elution techniques.
Crossmatching		Definition. Importance. Types. Phases. Techniques.
Transfusion reaction		Definition. Categories. Laboratory investigation.
Haemolytic disease of the new-borns		Definition. Causes. Clinical signs & symptoms. Laboratory investigation. Prevention. Management.

YEAR 2OBJECTIVESAt the end of this session the trainee should be able to:—(a)Perform techniques in transfusion science.(b)Produce data for research project work.CONTENT OF YEAR 2Practical attachment (i.e. Term 5, 6, 7)(i)Perform tests listed in the practical rotation guideline books.(ii)Collection of data for project work.

Topic		Sub-topic
Year 2		Practical attachment (i.e. Term 5, 6, 7) -Perform tests listed in the practical rotation guideline. -Booklet. -Collection of data for project work.

YEAR 3OBJECTIVESAt the end of this session the trainee should be able to:—(i)Organize blood campaign.(ii)Recruit donors.(iii)Screen donated blood for infectious diseases.(iv)Maintain records in blood donor unit.(v)Prepare and store blood and blood products.(vi)Dispose blood.(vii)Perform quality control.(viii)Maintain blood bank equipment.(ix)Explain the application of blood groups to forensic medicine.(x)Interpret National policy guidelines.(xi)Analyze research project research.(xii)Present/publicize research project.CONTENT

Topic		Sub-topic
COMPLEMENT		INTRODUCTION TO COMPLEMENT SYSTEM.
BLOOD DONOR SERVICE		Organization of blood donor centre. Blood campaigns. Recruitment – donors. Phlebotony procedure. Anticoagulants. Screening of donated blood. Documentation. Storage of blood. Disposal of blood. Quality control measures. Safety in blood bank. Maintenance of blood bank equipments.
BLOOD PRODUCTS		Definition. Types. Uses. Preparation. Storage.
APPLICATION OF BLOOD GROUP TO FORENSIC MEDICINE		1st order of exclusion. 2nd order of exclusion. Differentiation of human stains from others.
NATIONAL POLICY GUIDELINES IN BLOOD TRANSFUSION		Collection of blood. Distribution. Uses. Legal aspects.

PRACTICAL SCHEDULE

Topic		Practicals
ABO blood group system		Slide and tube. Forward and reverse grouping. ABO sub-group.
Rhesus blood group system		Slide method. Tube method. 22% bovine method.
Coomb technique		Direct Coomb’s test. Indirect Coomb’s test. Du test. Anti-body screening test.
Neutralization test		Neutralize natural antibodies. Detection of blood group specific substance.
Enzyme technique		Low’s method (papain method).
Anomalies		Para-agglutination. Chmeras. Blood group A with anti A in serum. Blood group O from an infant.
Blood donor centre		Blood campaign. Blood donor recruitment. Maintenance of record. Phlebotomy. Blood screening for— HIV, Hepatitis, VDRL, Mass blood grouping. Preparation of various blood products— packed cells, white cell concentrate, poor white cell plasma, platelet rich plasma, FFP – fresh frozen plasma, etc.
Preparation of reagents		Physiological saline. Preparation of 22% bovine albumin from 30%.

MEDICAL PARASITOLOGYAIM: To equip the trainees with knowledge, skills and attitudes which will enable them to carry out parasitological and entomological techniques in Class B diagnostic and research laboratories as well as in fieldwork.General objectivesAt the end of this course unit the trainee should be able to:—(i)Explain the concepts of medical parasitology and entomology.(ii)Collect, receive, preserve and store parasitological and entomological specimens.(iii)Observe safety precautions.(iv)Maintain quality assurance.(v)Describe the classification, morphology, life cycles, pathogenicity, pathology, epidemiology, prevention and control of parasites and vectors.(vi)Carry out parasitological and entomological techniques.(vii)Handle, operate, care and maintain laboratory equipment.(viii)Analyze, interpret and report findings of laboratory investigations.YEAR 1OBJECTIVESAt the end of year one the trainee should be able to:—(i)Explain terms used in Medical Parasitology.(ii)Classify parasites.(iii)Describe the host-parasite relationship.(iv)Describe modes of parasite transmission.(v)Explain the harmful effects of parasites on the hosts.(vi)Understand the concepts of epidemiology and surveillance of parasitic infections.(vii)Collect, receive, preserve, transport parasitological specimens.(viii)Prepare reagents and stains for use in a parasitology laboratory.(ix)Observe safety precautions.(x)Care, handle, operate and maintain equipment and apparatus.(xi)Understand concepts of quality assurance.CONTENTIntroduction to parasitology–Definitions and terminologies.–Nomenclature and general classification.–Host-parasite interrelationships.–Transmission and effects of parasites on their hosts.–Epidemiology and surveillance of parasitic diseases.–Parasitological specimens.– Parasitological reagents and stains.– Lugol’s iodine.–Formal saline.–Normal saline,–Zinc sulphate solution.–Brine.–Giemsa.–Leishman.–Fields.–Eosin.–Malachite green.–Acetocarmine.–Indian ink.–Laboratory equipment—–Microscopes.–Centrifuges.–Laboratory safety.–Quality assurance in a parasitology laboratory.PROTOZOOLOGYIntroduction and general characteristics of protozoa.Classification of protozoa of medical importance, geographical distribution of protozoan parasites, lifecycles and morphology of developmental stages, pathogenesis, pathology and epidemiology of protozoal infections.Laboratory diagnosis of medically important protozoa.The Amoebae:—Entamoeba histolytica.Entamoeba hartmani.Entamoeba coli.Entamoeba gingialis.Endolimax nana.Dientamoeba fragilis.Iodamoeba butschlii.The Flagellates:-Giardia lambia.Chlomastix mensnili.Trichomonas vaginalis.Trichomonas hominis.Trypanosoma brucii.Trypanosoma cruzi.Trypanosoma gambiense.Trypaaosoma rhodesiense.Leishmania donovani.Leishmania aethiopica.Leshmania tropica.Leishmania braziliensis.Leishmania chagasi.Leishmani infantum.Other Protozoa:—Plasmodium falciparum.Plasmodium malariae.Plasmodium ovale.Plasmodium vivax.Toxoplasma gondii.Pneumocystis carinii.Babesia divergns cytosporidium.Sarcocystis.Coccidia.HELMINTHOLOGYIntroduction and general characteristics of helminthes.Classification and geographical distribution of common helminthes.Lifecycles and morphology of developmental stages.Pathogenesis, pathology and epidemiology of helminthic infections.Laboratory diagnosis of medically important helminthes including culture methods.Intestinal Nematodes:—Necator americanus.Ancylostoma duodenale.Culture methods.Non -human hookworms.Strongyloides stercoralis.Ascaris lubricoides.Non -human ascarids.Trichuris trichiura.Enterobius vermicularis.Tissue Nematodes:-Trichinella spiralis.Dracuncullus medinensis.Onchocerca volvulus.Wuchereria bancrofti.Mansonella perstans.Mansonella streptocerca.Brugia malayi.Mansonella ozzardi.Dioctophyma renale.Gnathstoma spinigerum.Larva migrans.Other non-pathogenic microfilaria.Trematodes:—Schistoma mansoni.Schistoma haematobium.Schistoma japonicum.Non -human schistosomes.Carcarial dermatitis.Fasciola hepatica.Fasciola gigantica.Fasciolopsis buski.Paragonimus westermanii.Opisthorchis sinensis (clonorchis sinensis).Opisthorchis felineus.Opisthorchis viverini.Heterophyes heterophyes.Dicrocoelium dedriticum.Gastrodiscoides hominis.YEAR 2OBJECTIVESAt the end of practical rotation the trainee should be able to:—(i)collect specimens.(ii)process specimens.(iii)examine specimens and note findings.(iv)collect data for research project.(v)analyse the data and write a project report.

CONTENTPreparing reagents and stains receiving, preserving and storing.Collection of parasitological specimens.Recording, registering the specimens.Processing of the specimens.Examining the specimens.Recording the results.Analyzing data.Writing the project.Techniques to be performed while on attachment—Stool specimens.Macroscopic examination.Direct wet preparations using normal saline and eosin.Concentration methods using formal ether, zinc sulphate solution and brine.Microscopic examination of stained/unstained preps to demonstrate protozoan tropho- zoites and cysts as well as helminth eggs.Culture stools to demonstrate filariferm lava of hookworm and strongyloides.Stain flukes and proglottids for identification.Prepare and examine Kato thick smear.YEAR 3: CONTENTMEDICAL ENTOMOLOGYIntroduction and terminologies.Classification of phylum arthropoda.General characteristics.General structures and external anatomy of insects.Prevention and control of arthropods.Sub -Order: Nematocera.Family: *Culicidae (mosquitoes).*Simulidae (simulium).*Ceratopogonidae (Culicoides).*Psycodidae (Phlebotomus).Sub -Order: Brachycera.Family : Tabanidae (chrysops, Tabans Haematopota).Muscidae (Musca, Muscina, Fannia, Stomovys).Sub-Order: Cyclorrhapha.Family : Glossiniddae*Calliphoridae.*Oestridae.*Sarcophagidae.*Gasterophilidae.*Hyppoboscidae.Order: Anoplura.Phthiraptera.(Anoplura and malluphaga).Order: Siphonaptera.Hemiptera.Family : Cimicidae Raduviidae.CLASS: Arachnida Order : Acarina (mites and ticks);Family : Argasidae Ixodidae.Order : Aranae (Scorpions and spiders).CESTODESTaenia solium.Taenia saginata.Hymenolepis nana.Hymenolepis diminuta;Echinococcus granulosus.Echinococcus multilocularis.Multiceps, multiceps.Diphyllobothrium latum;Dipylidium caninum;Spirometra (and sparganosis).MALACOLOGYIntroduction and general characteristics of molluscs.Classification of molluscs.Medical importance.Geographical distribution.General life cycles.Morphology and identification of snails.Collection, cercarial shedding and identification.Prevention and control of snails.MAMMOLOGYIntroduction and general characteristics of mammals.General classification of mammals.Medical importance of mammals.Animal house.Management , use and disposal of laboratory animals.Control and destruction of mammalian reservoir hosts.INSECTICIDESIntroduction to common insecticides.General classification and basic formulations.Demonstration of application methods.Safety precautions in handling, use and disposal.MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY THEORY

Topic		Sub-topic
Introduction to medical parasitology and medical entomology		– Definition and terminology. – Classification. – Host-parasite relationship. – Modes of transmission. – Harmful effects of parasite on hosts. – Safety precautions. – Collection/reception of specimens. – Preservation. – Transportation. – Storage. – Preparation of reagents and stains. – Epidemiology and surveillance of parasitic infections. – Equipment and apparatus. – Quality assurance.
Parasitological and Entomological techniques		– Direct wet preparations. – Concentration methods. – Smears swabs and cultures. – Xenodiagnosis. – Immunodiagnosis. – Collection of arthropods. – Mounting and labelling. – Identification. – Dissections. – Insectary.
Helminthology		– Introduction and terminologies. – Classification. – Geographical distribution. – Lifecycles. – Morphology of developmental stages. – Pathogenesis and pathology. – Laboratory diagnosis. – Epidemiology, prevention and control of helminthic infections.
Medical Entomology		– Introduction and terminologies. – Classification. – Lifecycles. – Morphology of developmental stages. – Identification of vectors. – Medical importance. – Geographical distribution. – Prevention and control of vectors.
Malacology		– Introduction and terminologies. – Classification. – Lifecycles. – Morphology and identification of vector snails. – Geographical distribution. – Medical importance. – Control. – Malacological techniques. – Collection and transportation of molluscs. – Carcarial shedding and identification. – Preservation and identification of molluscan shells.
Protozoology		– Introduction and terminologies. – Classification. – Geographical distribution. – Lifecycles. – Morphology of developmental pathogenesis and pathology. – Laboratory diagnosis. – Epidemiology, prevention and control of protozoan infections.
Mammalogy		– Introduction and terminologies. – General classification of animals. – Animal house. – Management, use and disposal of laboratory animals. – Medical importance. – Control of mammalian reservoir host.
Insectcides and molluscides		– Classification. – Formulation. – Introduction to application methods. – Safe use.
MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY		PRACTICALS.
Introduction		– Receiving, recording and storing specimens. – Care and use of laboratory equipment and apparatus. – Educational visit to meteorological station.
Parasitological techniques		– Direct wet preparations. – Concentration methods— sedimentation. modified formal ether. zinc sulphate floatation. membrane filtration. brine floatation. – Parasite count— Kato thick smear. Stoll’s method. MacMaster chamber. Malaria/QBC. – Swabs and smears. – Cultures. Immunodiagnosis.
Protozoology		– Collection, processing and examination. – Identification of diagnostic stages. – Reporting the findings. – Analysing the results.
Helminthology		– Collection, processing and examination of specimens. – Identification of diagnostic stages. – Reporting the findings. – Analyzing the results.
Medical entomology		– Collection and mounting of anthropods. – Identification and labelling. – Preservation and storage. – Dissections. – Xenodiagnosis. – Educational visit to insectary.
Malacological techniques		– Collection and transportation of molluscs. – Carcarial shedding and identification. – Preservation and identification of molluscan shells.
Mammalogy		– Management and use of laboratory animals. – Disposal of laboratory animals. – Destruction. – Destruction of reservoir hosts.
Insectcides		Preparation for use— insectcides/imagicides. larvicides. molluscides. acaricides. miticides. tungicides. – Storage and disposal of chemicals.

VIROLOGYAIMThis course is intended to equip trainees with knowledge, skills and attitudes to enable them work in a Class B laboratory.GENERAL OBJECTIVESAt the end of this course the trainee should be able to:—(i)Describe the scope of virology.(ii)Apply biosafety techniques in virology.(iii)Apply sterilization, disinfection, and disposal methods in virology.(iv)Care for instruments and equipment in a medical virology laboratory.(v)Perform the relevant techniques for specimen collection and processing.(vi)Describe transmission modes of viruses for public health control and disease management.(vii)Classify viruses to families and genus;(viii)Perform the laboratory procedures for investigating viral diseases.(ix)Observe QC and QA measures.

Year	Term	Topic	Sub-topic
ONE	TWO	INTRODUCTION	– Definitions: Viruses. Virology
			– General properties of viruses. – Classification of viruses criteria.
		EPIDIMEOLOGY OF VIRAL DISEASES	– Acute infections. – Chronic infection. – Slow infections route of spreading of viruses to the community.
		BIOSAFETY	– Categorisation of pathogens to risk groups. – Activities harmful to the worker and others in virology. – Occurrence of laboratory infections and their prevention. – Location of health and safety equipment in the work place e.g. fire extinguisher. – First-aid kit. – Use of safety gear. – Use of pipetting aids. – Use of safety cabinets.
	THREE
		PATHOGENESIS	Clinical and sub-clinical and latent – infections. – Virulence. – Localized and systemic infections.
		USE OF EQUIPMENT	Use and care of equipment and instruments in a virus laboratory. Inverted microscope. Water baths. Refrigerated centrifuge. Deep freezer. Refrigerator. Autoclave. Incubator CO2. Cool boxes. Elisa equipment. Biosafety cabinets.
		VIROLOGICAL SPECIMENS	Types of specimen collection. Specimen containers.
		VIROLOGICAL	Handling. Transportation. Storage. Preservation.
		SYSTEMATIC VIROLOGY	RNA viruses. Unclassified viruses. RNA virus. (Introduction).

YEAR TWOAt the end of year two the learner should be able to:—(i)Apply biosafety techniques in a medical virology laboratory.(ii)Perform sterilization, disinfection and disposal methods in virology.(iii)Collect, handle, preserve, transport and process virological specimens.(iv)Analyse data for project work.(v)Write a project report.PROJECT GUIDELINESProject title selection.Sources of data.Available appropriate technology.Materials and equipment.Finance/budgeting.ATTACHMENT CONTENT

Topic		Sub-topic
SAFETY		– Bio-safety technology in virology laboratory.
STERILIZATION		– Sterilization techniques, disinfection.
EQUIPMENT		– Care of virology equipment.
SPECIMENS		– Collection containers, transport, storage, preservation.
LABORATORY DIAGOSIS		– Laboratory procedures used in diagnosis of common diseases.
ANIMAL HOUSE		– Handling, bleeding, injection, feeding.

YEAR THREEOBJECTIVESAt the end of this year the learner should be able to:—(i)Perform the various techniques used for specimen collection.(ii)Explain the various techniques used in specimen handling and transportation.(iii)Describe methods of specimens storage and preservation.(iv)Perform the processing of virological specimens.(v)Carry out laboratory diagnosis.(vi)Outline the mode of treatment and vaccination of some viral diseases.(vii)Carry out quality control and quality assurance (TQM).

Term 8	Systemic specimen processing and laboratory diagnosis	DNA viruses processing Tissue culture Animal inoculation Serology/immunological techniques	T P T/P	13 Hrs 10 Hrs 22
9	Laboratory diagnosis Treatment and vaccination of viral diseases Total quality management	Elisa RPHA Simple rapid assyas Target sites for antiviral drugs Introduction to vaccinations Definition and concepts TQM QC and QA Designs and benefits Project	T/P T/P T/P T T T	22 18 7 4 2

IMMUNOLOGYAIMThis course is intended to equip the trainees with knowledge, skills, and attitudes on the principles on immunology to enable them to work in a Class B laboratory.GENERAL OBJECTIVESAt the end of this course the trainee should be able to:—(i)State the development and scope of immunology.(ii)Explain the immune defense mechanism.(iii)Describe the biology of the immune system;(iv)Demonstrate the organs, tissues and cells involved in the immune system.(v)Describe the role and mechanisms involved immunodeficience states.(vi)Explain hypersensitivity state.(vii)Explain basic concepts in transplantation immunology.(viii)Outline mechanisms of immunity to infectious diseases.(ix)Perform immunological techniques employed in an immunology laboratory.YEAR 1 TERM 2 AND 3OBJECTIVESAt the end of this course the trainee should be able to:-(i)State the development and scope of immunology.(ii)Explain the immune defense mechanism.(iii)Describe the biology of the immune system.(iv)Demonstrate the organs, tissues and cells involved in Immunodeficiency states.(v)Explain hypersensitivity state.(vi)Explain basic concepts in transplantation immunology.(vii)Outline mechanisms of immunity to infectious diseases.(viii)Perform immunological techniques employed in immunology laboratory.

Year	Topic	Sub-topic
	Introduction to immunology	– Definition of immunology. – History of immunology. – Development of vaccines e.g. vaccines.
	Adaptive and innate immunity	Immune system. Adaptive immune system— -natural. -artificial.	Biology of immune system	– Primary lymphoid organs. – Secondary lymphoid organs. – Dissection of a named laboratory animal e.g. mouse, rat, or guinea pig to display the primary and secondary lymphoid organs.
	Cell involved in the immune system	B Lymphocytes. T Lymphocytes. The mononuclear phagocyte system. Polymorphonuclear granulocytes. Thin blood smear. Staining techniques. Identification of cells.
	The major	– Arangements of MHC genes.
	Histocompatibility	– Functions of MHC antigens Class I, II, III.
	Immunochemistry	– Immunoglobulins— -structure. -classification. - distribution. – Antibody – antigens reactions. – The agglutination reaction. – Precipitation tests. – Haemolytic immune. – Body titration. – Compliment system. – Complement titration. – Theories of antibody formation.
	Antigen recognition and cell co-operation in immune responses	B-cell antigen recognition. T-cell antigen recognition. Antigen presenting cells— – primary immune response, – secondary immune responses, – immunological memory.
	Hypersensitivity states	Type I. Type II. Type III. Type IV. Demonstrate type O Reaction using guinea pig.

YEAR 3OBJECTIVESAt the end of this year the learner should be able to:—(i)Explain the main factors to consider when selecting an immunological project.(ii)Select appropriate instruments in immunological assays.(iii)Apply biosafety techniques in an immunology laboratory.

THREE
	Auto-immunity	– Self tolerance. – Emergence of auto-immune disorders.
	Transplantation and rejection	– Tissue transplantations. – Organ transplantations.
	Immuno-deficiency	– Definition.
	States	– Primary immuno-deficiency. – Secondary immuno- deficiency. – Mechanisms leading to immuno-deficiency. – Methods of investigation. – Elisa.
	Infection and immunity	– Mechanisms of immunity to infectious diseases. – Antibody antigen reactions.
		– Agglutination. – Precipitation. – Haemagglutination. – CFT. – Elisa.

Project Guidelines.Project title selection.Sources of data.Available appropriate technology.Materials.Finance/budgeting.ATTACHMENT CONTENT

Topic		Sub-topic
SAFETY LABORATORY ANIMALS		Biosafety techniques in an immunology laboratory. Handling. Bleeding. Injection.
IMMUNO-CHEMISTRY		Antibody separation.
IMMUNOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES		Ab-Ag reactions. Agglution. Precipitation. CFT. Elisa. ETC.
EQUIPMENTS		Use and care of the equipment.

_________________________

APPENDIX 1 TRAINING STANDARDS

STAFF/STUDENT RATIO:1.LECTURERS:THEORY: 1:0.PRACTICAL: 1:5.2.SUPPORT STAFF:TECHNOLOGIST (DIPLOMA LEVEL) ONE (1).TECHNICIANS TWO (2).3.ACADEMIC STAFF QUALIFICATIONS:Minimum HD MLS with three (3) years experience plus a certificate inMedical EducationORHD MLS with (5) years working experience and good track record.4.ATTENDANCE – 90%.5.DURATION OF PROGRAMME – Three (3) years.6.DISTRIBUTION OF LEARNING:THEORY – 50%.PRACTICAL – 50%.7.SUBJECTS TAKEN: ALL.8.AVERAGE PASS MARK – 50%.9.EXAMINATION DECLARATION—Common examination shall be given to all students.Examination results shall be declared two weeks after the last paper.

______________________________

APPENDIX 2 ESSENTIAL EQUIPMENT

MICROBIOLOGY

1. Autoclave (portable)		1 between 10 students
2. Medium water bath		1 between 5 students
3. Lovibond comparators – assorted
4. pH meters		1 between 5 students
5. Anaerobic jars		1 between 5 students
6. Incubators/hot air oven (adjustable)		1 between 10 students
7. Distillers		2 for the whole institute
8. De-ionizers		2 (small)
9. Microscopes binocular		1 between 10 students
10. Weighing balance		1 top pan load balance
11. Woods lamp		1
12. Centrifuge		1 between 4 students
13. Bunsen burner/spirit		1 between 2 students
14. Tripod stands/asbestos mat		1 between 10 students
15. Fridge/deep freezer		1 between 10 students
16. Safety cabinet		1 per laboratory
17. Teaching microscopes		1 between 10 students
18. Mechanical shaker		1 between 10 students
19. Inoculating loops		1 per student
20. Assorted microbiology glassware		adequate
CLINICAL CHEMISTRY
1. Colorimeters		1 between 4 students
2. Analytical balance – top pan loading
3. Sensitivity up to 1 mg		1 between 5 students
4. Flame photometers		1 between 10 students
5. Centrifuge		1 between 4 students
6. Refrigerators/freezers		1 between 10 students
7. Water bath medium		1 between 4 students
8. pH meter		1 between 5 students
9. Mechanical mixers		2
10. Electrophoresis equipment		2 per institution/class
11. Distiller/de-ionizer		2
12. Hot air oven/(incubator) adjustable		10
13. Flame photometer		1 between 5 students
14. Ion selective electrodes		2 of item
15. Electrophoresis equipment		1 between 10
HAEMATOLOGY
1. Haemoglobinometers		1
2. Centrifuge		–ditto–
3. Microhaematocrit centrifuge		1 between 5 students
4. Microscopes – Blood mixers rollers		1 between 10 students
5. Water bath		–ditto–
6. Incubator		–ditto–
7. Colorimeter		–ditto–
8. Electrophoresis equipment		1 between 10 students
9. Sphygmomanometer		1 between 5 students
10. E.S.R. stands		1 between 4 students
11. Deep freezer/fridge		1 between 10 students
12. Deep freezer		1 between 5 students
13. Coulter counter		1 for each class
14. Neubaeur chambers		1 each student
15. Distiller		2 per institution/class
16. Analytical balance		1 between 10 students
17. Stethoscopes		1 between 5 students
18. Spectroscope – direct vision/revision
19. Refrigerated centrifuge		1
HISTOPATHOLOGY
1. Microtome rocking/rotary		1 per 4 students
2. Manual tissue processing set		1 between 4 students
3. Hot plate		1 between 6 students
4. Hone and strope		1 between 4 students
5. Automatic knife sharpener		1 per class/institution
6. Water bath, medium size		1 between 4 students
7. Microscope (teaching)		1 for the institution
8. Cold plate		1 between 6 students
9. Weighing balances		1 between 5 students
10. De-ionizers		1 per class/institution
11. Fume chambers		1 per laboratory/institution
12. Automatic tissue processor		1 per class/institution
13. Automatic staining machine		1 per class/institution
14. Freezing microtone - hard set		1 per class/institution
15. Centrifuge		1 per class/institution
BLOOD TRANSFUSION SCIENCE
1. Blood bank refrigerator		1 per class/institution
2. Grouping tiles		1 per student
3. Water bath		adjustable (medium size)
4. Plasma extractors		15 students
5. Centrifuges		1 between 4 students
6. Weighing balance		1 between 5 students
7. Syphomomanometers		1 between 5 students
8. Hot air oven (adjustable)		1 in the institution
9. De-ionizers and stillers		1 per class/institution
10. Mechanical shaker
11. Blood transfusion bleeding unit
12. Assorted blood transfusion glassware and adequate apparatus.
13. Microscopes		1 per 2 students
14. Deep freezer 70 degrees centigrade
15. Automated centrifuge for blood products
16. Cool boxes.
MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY
1. Microscopes		1 for 4 students
2. Centrifuge		–ditto–
3. Refrigerators		–ditto–
4. Pestle and motor		1 per student
5. Teaching microscope
6. QBC unit
7. Assorted apparatus e.g. sieves racks, test- tubes, stirring rods, applicator sticks, forceps funnels, Kato kits, hand lenses.
8. Stereo microscope/dissecting microscope.
9. Fluorescent microscope		1 per class
10. Geiger Muller counter/scintillator

VIROLOGY

1.Hepatitis Screening equipment.2.H.I.V. Screening equipment—(a)Eliza(b)Immunoblots (W estern Blot)(c)P.C.R. (Polymerase chain reaction)3.CD4/CD8 Counting machine4.Viral load machine5.Tissue lines6.Immuno fluorescent equipment7.Inverted microscopes

IMMUNOLOGY

1.Mechanical shakers2.Centrifuges3.W ater baths4.Refrigerators5.Geiger Muller counter6.Chromatographic sets—(a)G.L.C. gas liquid chromatography(b)H.P.L.C. high pressure liquid chromatography(c)T.L.C. thin layer chromatography7.Thermocycler.

__________________________

APPENDIX 3 ESSENTIAL BOOKS

	Title	Author
1.	Introduction of medical laboratory technology	F.J. Baker et al
2.	Medical Laboratory Manual for Tropical Countries Part I and II	Monicah Chesbourough

MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY

	Title	Author
1.	Review of Medical Microbiology	Ernest Jawetz, et al
2.	Medical Microbiology. A guide to Microbial Infection, Pathogenesis, Immunity and Laboratory Diagnosis and Control	David Green
3.	Clinical Bacteriology	Joan E. Stocks
4.	Bacteriology Illustrated	Giels and Dodd
5.	Practical Medical Microbiology	J.G. Colle et al
6.	Hand book of Bacteriology	Baker et al

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY

	Title		Author
1.	Practical Clinical Chemistry Vol. I & II		Harold Varley

	Title	Author
2.	A Basic Biochemiostry	Hayashi et al
3.	Essentials of Volumetric Analysis	Lambert
4.	Biochemistry a Case Oriented Approach	Montgomery

HAEMATOLOGY

	Title	Author
1.	Practical Haematology	Dacie and Lewis
2.	Clinical Haematology in Medical Practice	De Gruchy
3.	Essential Haematology	Petit
4.	Atlas of Haematology	Macdonald Dodds

HISTOPATHOLOGY

	Title	Author
1.	Carleton’s Histological Techniques	Drory and W ellington
2.	Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques	Bancroft
3.	Cellular Pathology Technique	C.F.A Culling et al
4.	Text/Atlas of Histology	Leeson and Pagaro
5.	Basic Histology	Luis Carlos et al
6.	Practical Section Cutting and Staining	Clayton

BLOOD TRANSFUSION

	Title	Author
1.	Blood Serology	Boorman and Dood (England Edition)
2.	Modern Blood Banking and Transfusion Services	F. Harmening & Pittiglio
3.	Blood Trasfusion Guidelines	Ministry of Health
4.	Blood Groups in Man	Race and Sanger
5.	Blood Transfusion in Clinical Medicine	Mollison Patrick
6.	Blood Group Technique	S.I.B. Harris
7.	Technique in Blood Grouping	Ivon Danford et al

MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY

	Title	Author
1.	Basic Clinical Parasitology	Harold W . Brown
2.	Introduction to Parasitology	A.C. Chandler
3.	Worms and Diseases	R. Muller
4.	Tropical Diseases	R. Muller
5.	Medical Entomology	Patton W .S.
6.	Parasitic Disease in Man	Richard Knight
7.	Lecture Notes on Entomology	M.W . Service
8.	Atlas of Medical Helminthology Proto-zoology	Jeffrey and Leach

VIROLOGY

	Title	Author
1.	Practical Virology for Medical Students and Practitioners	D. Metasalaar et al
2.	Fundamentals of Medical Virology	Kucera and Louis S.
3.	Virological Procedures	Hopkins et al
4.	Virology – Practical Approach	B.S. Nahy et al
5.	Medical Virology	D. W hite & F. Fenner
6.	Medical Virology – A Practical Approach	Editor – U. Desselberger
7.	Principles of Molecular Virology	A.J. Cann

IMMUNOLOGY

	Title	Author
1.	The Principles of Immunology	Ivan Roitt
2.	Fundamentals of Immunology	Tesdale
3.	Practical Immunology	Hudsons and Hay
4.	Practical Immunology	Talwar
5.	Basic & Clinical Immunology	Peakman & Vergains
6.	Understanding Immunology	Peter Woods & Prentice-Hall

THIRD SCHEDULE [r. 2]

HIGHER DIPLOMA CURRICULUM

MINISTRY OF HEALTH
THE KENYA MEDICAL LABORATORY
TECHNICIANS AND TECHNOLOGISTS BOARD
CURRICULUM FOR HIGHER DIPLOMA IN MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCES
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Course Title ....................................................................... 3Introduction ....................................................................... 3Rationale .......................................................................... 3Programme Aim ....................................................................... 3Programme Objectives ................................................................ 3Admission Requirements ............................................................. 4Course Duration .................................................................... 4Attendance Pattern .................................................................. 4Award of Certificate ............................................................... 4Teaching Methods .................................................................... 4Teaching Aids and Resources ........................................................ 5Computer ........................................................................... 6Epidemiology ....................................................................... 7Health Management ................................................................... 8Research Methods and Project ..........................................................10Social and Development Studies, Professional Conduct, Ethics and Law ................. 12Medical Microbiology .................................................... 14Clinical Chemistry ................................................................... 17Haematology ....................................................................... 22Histopathology and Cytopathology .................................................... 26Blood Transfusion Science ......................................................... 28Medical Parasitology .............................................................. 32Virology .......................................................................... 36Immunology ........................................................................ 40Appendix 1: Training Standards ...................................................... 45Appendix 2: Essential Equipment ..................................................... 46Appendix 3: Essential Books ......................................................... 50

___________________________________

COURSE TITLE: "HIGHER DIPLOMA IN MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCES"INTRODUCTIONThe aim of this course is to produce is to produce specialists in various Disciplines of Medical Laboratory Sciences.RATIONALEThere is inadequacy of personnel at specialist level in the Management of Medical Laboratory Services. Due to this there is not enough supervision in the maintenance of quality service in the various disciplines of Medical Laboratory Sciences. The training of Medical Laboratory Technology needs to be improved and updated regularly in order to cope with the dynamism in Medical Laboratory Sciences, hence the need for training at this level.The Higher Diploma holder should be trained well enough to carry out the following roles:—

(1)To train medical laboratory personnel and to participate in the improvement of standards.

(2)To participate in curriculum review.

(3)To implement and monitor the provision of medical laboratory services.

(4)To plan for continuous Medical education for self and others.

(5)To evaluate and make decisions in the provision of medical laboratory services.PROGRAMME AIMThis course is intended to equip the trainees with knowledge, analytical skills and attitudes to enable them to work and manage medical laboratories of Class ‘C’ level and above.PROGRAMME OBJECTIVESAt the end of this course the trainees should be able to:—

(1)Develop procedures in Medical Laboratory Sciences.

(2)Perform laboratory tests.

(3)Analyse and interpret laboratory results.

(4)Conduct scientific research.

(5)Manage services and resources of a medical laboratory.

(6)Train health professional in medical laboratory sciences.

(7)Participate in multidisciplinary planning, implementation, co-ordinating, monitoring and evaluation of laboratory medicine.

(8)Institute the professional code of conduct and ethics.ADMISSION REQUIREMENTSTrainees entering this course should have the following minimum requirements—Passed Diploma in Medical Laboratory Sciences, and registered by KMLTTB.Approved equivalent, and have acquired relevant experience of at least 2 years.COURSE DURATIONThe course is designed to have a duration of 1 320 hours.ATTENDANCE PATTERNThe course is designed to be covered as follows—

TERM	HRS ON CAMPUS	HRS IN CLINICAL PLACEMENT
1	440	—
2	320	120
3	440	—
Total	1 200	120

AWARD OF CERTIFICATEKMLTTB or its agent shall award the certificate.TEACHING METHODSFor trainees to attain the basic competencies the following teaching methods shall be applied:(i)Discussion.(ii)Lectures.(iii)Role-play.(iv)Simulation.(v)Demonstration.(vi)Class practicals.(vii)Project.(viii)Tutorials.(ix)Attachment.(x)Field visits.TEACHING AIDS AND RESOURCESThe following aids and resources shall be applied in the teaching methods employed during the course—AIDS(i)Chalkboard.(ii)Charts.(iii)Slide projector.(iv)Models.(v)White boards.(vi)Specimens.(vii)Realia.(viii)Overhead projector.(ix)Radio.(x)Video film.(xi)Computer interactive learning.(xii)Computer aided/assisted learning.RESOURCES(i)Recommended textbooks.(ii)Library.(iii)Laboratory.(iv)Health institution.(v)Mortuary.(vi)Museum.FORMAT OF STUDENTS ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION• Each trainee shall be expected to attend at least 90% of the possible attendance in each subject and complete satisfactorily the coursework to qualify for the summative examination.• Each trainee shall be expected to have passed each subject at 50% as the pass mark to qualify to sit that same subject at summative level.• Project 10% (research project).• Final examination will be given a weighting of 90% in the final results.The project must be submitted for a candidate to sit for final.Actual assessment and evaluation shall be categorised as follows:-Continuous assessment.• Timed tests.• Carry away tests.• Practical and orals.• Projects.Summative examinations shall be conducted by the authorized examination body and will follow the format below:—

Theory Papers	–	100 Marks
Practicals	–	3 hrs – 150 marks
Oral Project	–	50 marks

Theory Papers — 100 Marks Practicals —3hrs — 150 marks Oral — 50 marks Project The project must be submitted for one to qualify and shall be given a weighting of 10%of the final results.COMPUTERAIM: This unit is intended to equip trainees with computer skills to enable them manage resources and write projects.GENERAL OBJECTIVESAt the end of this course the trainees should be able to:(i)Discuss the process of developing a presentation.(ii)Stage a presentation.(iii)Appreciate the role of Networks in sharing resources in Health Services.(iv)Browse the Internet for Health Information gathering;(v)Perform statistical analysis of data using scientific package for social studies (SPSS) .CONTENT

	Topic	Sub-topic
1.	Process of developing a presentation	Planning. Preparing. Presentation.
2.	Presentation	Launching a presentation software. Setting-up a file. Creating slides. Animating a presentation. Retrieval of a presentation. Printing handouts and notes. Staging a presentation.
3.	Principles of networking	Principles of networking. Types of networks. Benefits of networks. Data security in a network environment.
4.	Internets	Introduction to internet. Websites. Results of internet searches. Printing, copying and saving internet. Searches. E-mail services.
5.	Searching techniques	Defining the search topics. Use of search engines. Abbreviations and list of medically important journal. Relevant home pages.
6.	Statistical analysis of data	Launching of SPSS. Defining variable. Setting up files. Transforming data. Computing analysis of data. Interpreting outputs.

EPIDEMIOLOGYAIM: This unit is intended to equip the trainee with knowledge, skills and attitudes that would enable them understand the prevention and management of diseases.GENERAL OBJECTIVESAt the end of this course unit, the trainee should be able to do the following in Epidemiology:—

(1)Define terminologies used.

(2)Describe the types.

(3)Explain the uses.

(4)Describe the study designs.

(5)Explain levels of disease patterns.

(6)Understand diseases screening and surveillance.CONTENT

Topic	Sub-topic	Time
Epidemiology	Definition, terms used.
Types	Descriptive. Analytical.
Use of epidemiological data	Planning for resources. Classification of diseases. Describing determinates of disease. Observation and experimental.
Study designs	Cross-sectional. Prospective. Retrospective. Experimental (Intervention). Clinical.
Disease patterns	Primary. Secondary. Tertiary.
Screening and surveillance	Types. Application. Uses.

HEALTH MANAGEMENTAIM: This course unit is intended to improve the management of health care services and training institutions.GENERAL OBJECTIVESAt the end of this course unit, the trainee should be able to:—

(1)Describe various principles and management theories and other applicability to the management of health facilities and training institutions.

(2)Formulate human resources development plan within and out of the organisation.

(3)Manage financial resources in health service organizations and training institutions.

(4)Participate in project proposals and management.

(5)Manage change.

(6)Manage disaster.CONTENT

No.	Topic	Sub-topic
1.	Overview of management	– Role of managers in organisations. – Process of management. – Importance of management in organisations.
2.	Techniques of organising	– Process of planning. – Importance of planning. – Techniques used in planning. – Strategic planning.
3.	Techniques of organising activity	– Basis of organising activities. – Circumstances of choosing basis. – Merits and demerits of each base.
4.	Techniques of co-ordination	– Process of co-ordination. – Role of manager in directing organisational activities. – Techniques used in co-ordination.
5.	Human resource co-ordination	– Structuring the system (analysing and designing jobs). – Recruitment, selection, placement internal mobility. – Separation, death, retirements or resignation. – Performance appraisal. – Preparing for advancement.
6.	Management of change and conflict resolution	– Factors influencing organisation changes. – Causes of resistance to change. – How to overcome employee resistance to change. – Techniques of managing change.
7.	Techniques of managing time	– Meaning of conflicts. – Advantages and disadvantages of conflicts in an organisation.
8.	Stress management	– Meaning of stress. – Causes of stress. – Techniques of managing stress.
9.	Techniques of control in organizations	– Importance and nature of control. – Types of control systems. – Control techniques.
10.	Problem solving techniques	– Importance and nature control. – Stages of problem solving. – The merits and demerits of each. – Problems solving techniques. – Barriers to effective problem solving.
11.	Stores management	– Inventory control systems. – Setting order quantities. – Stock records.
12.	Public finance	– Sources of Government funds. – Public finance. – Government budgetary cycle. – Budgetary control analysis and interpretation. – Book-keeping. – Accounting for donor funds. – Small business enterprises.
13.	Community development	– Community work. – Community organisation. – Community participation. – Community surveys diagnosis. – Intra- and inter-sectoral collaboration. – Field visits.
14.	Quality management techniques	– Need for quality maintenance. – Strategies for quality maintenance. – Limitations of the strategies for quality management. – Measures for approving quality performance.

RESEARCH METHODS AND PROJECTAIM: This unit aims at equipping the trainees with knowledge, skills and attitudes that will enable them conduct scientific research.GENERAL OBJECTIVESAt the end of this course unit the trainees should be able to:(i)Distinguish types of research.(ii)Observe ethical standards in research.(iii)Select appropriate methods to apply to a given research type.(iv)Formulate hypotheses.(v)Prepare a research proposal with its budgetary proposal.(vi)Design a research strategy.(vii)Design a sampling frame.(viii)Collect, organise and represent data.(ix)Use statistical techniques in data analysis.(x)Apply computer statistical packages in data analysis.(xi)Interpret scientific data.(xii)Present a project report in a structured format.(xiii)Manage a project.

Topic		Sub-topic
Introduction		Definition of research. Types of research: • pure research. • applied research. • action research. Justification of research. Ethical considerations.
Methods of research		Descriptive research. Survey. Correlational. Retrospective. Experimental. Action research.
Research design		Purpose. Hypotheses research, questions, objective, formulation. Characteristics of good research designs. Pre-experimental designs. True experimental designs. Quasi experimental designs. Export factor designs.
Population and sampling		Review of— Population. Types of sampling. Probability sampling method. Non-probability sampling method.
Data collection		Observation methods. Interviews and questionnaires. Trace measures. Content analysis. Data archives. Measurements.
Data analysis		Qualitative method. Quantitative method. Review of— – Binomial distribution. – Poison distribution. – Normal distribution. – Student distribution. – ANOVA. – X2 test. – F –test. – Test of hypothesis in large and small samples.
Use of computer		In statistical data analysis. In data organisation. Production report.
Project write-up		Selection of project. Documentation of sources. Development of proposal. Carrying out of project. Reporting. Layout of reports. Data presentation.
Project management		Needs assessment. Proposal preparations and presentations. Implementations. Monitoring and evaluation. Impact evaluation and sustainability.

SOCIAL AND DEVELOPMENT STUDIES, PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT, ETHICS AND LAWAIM: This course unit is intended to equip trainees with knowledge, social skills and attitudes for their role play in society and the work-place.OBJECTIVES:At the end of this course unit the trainee should be able to—(i)Acquire attitudes that relate to work and social ethics for self-fulfillment and self-development.(ii)Acquire cultural values for self-development.(iii)Relate their behaviour to their efficiency and effectiveness in an organisation.(iv)Understand the Public Health Act (Cap. 242 of the laws of Kenya) and Medical Laboratory Technicians and Technologists Act (Cap. 253A) and any other relevant provisions of general law.(v)Complete with and apply the provisions of the Medical Laboratory Technicians and Technologists Act and the relevant provisions of the Public Health Act and other provisions of the general law.(vi)Understand and apply basic principles of guidance and counselling.(vii)Understand the role of Government.(viii)Understand development issues.CONTENT

	Topics	Sub-topics
1.	Social and development studies	Medical psychology. Medical sociology. Economics. Social economics and development. Government of Kenya. National philosophy. Science and technology. Commerce. Public relations. Development theories. Natural environment and development.
2.	Ethics	Revise meaning and importance. Major religions of the world and influence of religion on ethics. Professional ethics and conduct. With particular reference to Part VI of the Constitution of the Association of Kenya Medical Laboratory Scientific.

	Topics	Sub-topics
		Officers and any other relevant codes of Ethics. Technology and religion. Natural law.
3.	Law	Revise definition & importance. Sources of Kenyan Law. Constitution of Kenya, relevant Acts of Parliament and subsidiary legislation. Law of contract. Law of torts. Family law. Land law.
4.	Guidance and counselling	Guidance. Counselling. Counselling techniques.

MEDICAL BACTERIOLOGY AND MYCOLOGYAIM: The course unit is designed to equip the trainee with knowledge, skills and attitudes to meet the requirement of Class "C" laboratory and above.TERM 1 OBJECTIVESAt the end of this term, the trainee should be able to:—(i)State the development and major contributors of medical microbiology.(ii)Describe the taxonomy of bacteria and fungi.(iii)Understand and apply safety precautions, sterilisation and disposal methods.(iv)Explain microbial metabolism.(v)Understand and apply the principles of microbial genetics.(vi)Describe the sources and transmissions of bacterial and fungal infections.(vii)Describe the pathogenic mechanisms of micro organisms.(viii)Describe and carry out laboratory procedures used to investigate diseases caused by bacteria and fungi.CONTENT

Topic	Sub-topic	T	P
History of microbiology	Major contributors. Development. Introduction of micro-organisms and disease.	T	P
Taxonomy	Classification. Nomenclature. Identification.	T	P
Safety	Laboratory associated infections. Precautions against accidents in laboratory. Safety cabinets. Disinfection and decontamination of laboratory wastes. Handling of chemicals and laboratory animals.	T	P
Sterilization	Definition. Methods of sterilisation. Factors affecting sterilisation. Quality control of sterilisation.	T	P
Microbial genetic and molecular microbiology	Basis of heredity. Mutations. Gene transfer. Drug resistance. Molecular techniques.	T	P
Sources of transmission of microbial infections	Sources. Transmission routes. Types of infections.	T	P
Pathogenicity	Association to the host. Pathogenic mechanisms.
Specimens	Types. Containers. Methods of collections . Transportation. Processing. Preservation.	T	P
Staining	Preparation of smears. Types of stains. Preparation. Staining methods. Factors affecting staining.	T	P
Culture media	Types. Ingredients. Classes. Preparation. Storage. Quality control.	T	P
Cultivation of micro-organisms	Culture methods. Factors affecting growth. Cultural characteristics.	T	P
Identification of micro-organisms	Biochemical tests. Serological tests. Phage typing. Colicine typing. P.C.R. Animal pathogenicity (inoculation).	T	P
Antimicrobial susceptibility testing	Definition. Mechanisms of action. Factors affecting susceptibility tests. Susceptibility testing. Drug assays.	T	P

TERM IIOBJECTIVESAt the end of this course unit, the trainee should be able to:—(i)Describe the morphological and biological classification of bacteria.(ii)Explain the general properties of bacteria.(iii)Describe the pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention of bacterial diseases.(iv)Select and write a project proposal.

Topic		Sub-topic
Systemic bacteriology and mycology		Genus— Staphylococcus. Streptococcus. Neisseria. Branhamella. Veillonella. Escherichia. Citrobacter. Klebsiella. Proteus. Pseudomonas. Serratia. Providencia. Salmonella. Shigella. Morganella. Yersinia. Brucella. Gardnetella. Francisella. Bordetella. Alcaligenes. Pasteurella. Haemophilus. Corynebacrerium. Listeria. Erysipelothrix. Bacillus. Clostridium. Myeobacterium.
Project		Data collection. Data analysis.

TERM IIIOBJECTIVESAt the end of this course unit, the trainee should be able to:—(i)Describe the biological classification of Spirochaetes, Chlamydia and Rickettsia.(ii)Explain the general properties of Spirochaetes, Rickettsiae and Chlamydia.(iii)Describe the pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention of spirochaetal, Rickettsial and chlamydial diseases.(iv)Explain the pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention of Mycosis.(v)Describe and perform bacterial and mycological methods used in analysis of milk, water food and air.(vi)Apply the principles of quality control.(vii)Carry out the research and write up report.CLINICAL CHEMISTRY

Topic	Sub-topic	T	P
Spirochaetes	Treponema. Borrelia. Leptospira.
Rickettsiae	Rickettsiae.	T	P
Chlamydia	Chlamydia.	T	P
Mycology	Superficial Mycosis.	T	P
Public health	W ater. Food. Milk. Air.	T	P
Quality control	Specimens. Microbial techniques. Culture media. Stains. Equipment. Report and record.	T
Project	Data analysis. Project report write-up. Presentation.

GENERAL OBJECTIVES(i)Explain the application of total quality management (T.Q.M).(ii)Explain principles and operations of specialised instruments.(iii)Explain the concepts of clinical chemistry.(iv)Explain the principles of techniques.(v)Carry out diagnostic techniques.(vi)Manage resources.(vii)Carry out research.(viii)Develop technical and clinical innovations.OBJECTIVES OF TERM 1(i)Explain the concepts of clinical chemistry.(ii)Carry out diagnostic techniques.

Topic	Sub-topic	Contents
Concept of Clinical Chemistry 220 hrs	Review of general chemistry Physical chemistry	Atoms, atomic structure, valency. Thermo chemistry, redox reactions, acids, bases, colligative properties, rates of reactions, theories of catalyses.	T
	Inorganic chemistry	Colour solids and solutions. Solubility, thermodynamics. Qualitative analysis.	T/P
	Volumetric analysis	Standard solutions, weights and measures, theory and choice of indicators, dissociation constraints, buffers, pH acid-base, redox and precipitation titration.	T/P
	Organic chemistry	Structure of carbon compounds. Isomerism, homologons series, aromatic compounds, functional groups, reaction processes.

OBJECTIVES OF TERM II(i)Explain the concepts of Clinical chemistry.(ii)Explain the applications of total quality management.(iii)Explain principles and operations of specialised instruments.(iv)Carry out diagnostic techniques.

Topic	Sub-topic	Content
Concept of clinical chemistry	Biochemistry Biologic oxidation	Redox reactions, phosphate bond energy, co-enzyme cytochrome C.	T
	Bio-molecules	Classification, structure. Metabolism, pathology of— Carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids and proteins nucleoproteins and genetic coding, vitamins, porphyrines, enzymes.	T
	Physiopathology	Liver, kidney, heart, gut, pancreas, lungs, endocrines, blood, CNS, inorganic constituents of the body fluids.
	Drugs & poisons	Therapeutics. Drugs of abuse. Poisons.	T/P
	Oncology	Tumour markers, biochemical effects of diffused endocrine. System, carcinoid and multiple. Endocrine adenopathy (MEA).	T/P

Topic	Sub-topic	Content
	Foetal chemistry	Amniocetesis Bilirubin Neonatal thyroid functions. Plasma alpha feto proteins, Eustriol.	T/P
	Inborn error of metabolism	Genetics, metabolic pathways. Screening of inborn errors of metabolism, laboratory diagnosis, pathology.	T/P
Total Quality Management (TQM)	Quality assurance	Specimen collection. Quality assessment. Quality control.
	Reference ranges	Factors affecting reference. Values. Population studies in deriving reference values, multivarial normality, diagnostic uses of reference values.	T/P
	Resources	Planning, procurement, fiscal, human, stock control.
Principles of specialized instruments	Auto analyser	Central processing unit (CPU). Reagent control unit (RCU). Sample control unit. Data control unit.
	Scintillation counter	Radio Immuno-labelling.	T/P
	Immuno-chemistry auto analyser	Micro-particle-enzyme-immuno-assay (MPEIA). Enzyme linked immuno-sorbent. Assay (ELISA).	T/P
	HPLC/GLC	Chromatographic separations.
	Electrophoresis systems	Isoelectric focusing. Zone electrophoresis. SD-PAGE electrophorsis. High voltage elctrophorsis.	T P
	Blood gas analyser	Electrochemistry.	T/P
	Thermocycler	Polymerase chain reactions.	T/P
Operations of specialized instruments	Random access systems	Initialization, programming, standardization, loading, data collection.

OBJECTIVES OF TERM IIIAt the end of this course unit the trainee should be able to:—(i)Explain the principles of techniques.(ii)Carry out diagnostic techniques.(iii)carry out research.

Topic	Sub-topic	Contents
Principles of techniques	Photometry	Endpoints, kinetics, EIA, absorption, emission, tubdimetry.	T/P
	Separation	Chromatographic, electrophoresis, diffusion.	T/P
	Electrochemistry	ISE, Ion Exchange Resin.	T/P
	Fluorimetry	IFT, MEIA, ELFA.	T/P
	Radiation	RIA.	T/P
	Thermocycler	Polymerase chain reactions (Nucleoproteins: DNA, mRNA, TRNA, HLA typing).	T/P
Techniques	Function profiles	Malabsorption, RFT, LFT’S, lipid, collagen, gastric, muscle enzymes, cardiac enzymes, fertility hormones, triple tests, thyroid hormones, protein profile. Allergy and allergens, blood gases, Hb and derivatives, electrolytes. Corticosteroid hormones.	T/P
	Specific measurements	C-peptide, HBAIC, GTT, insulin, 5H1AA, 17-ketostosteoids, VMA, catecholamines, G6 PD, 17 hydroxycorticosteroids, porphyrins, osmolarity, reducing substances, CEA, CA 125, CA 15.3, CA 1.9, PSA, AFP, B.HCG, microproteins, electrophoresis, HPLC, GLC Iron and TIBC, parathyroid hormone, thyroid antibody, cardiolipin antibody.	T/P
Research	Nosographical Situation analysis	Epidemiology, sensitivity. Correction to reference ranges. Therapeutic drug monitoring. Nutrition, physiotherapy.

KEYPAGE 4:(i)MEIA – Micro-particle-enzyme-immuno-assay.(ii)ELISA – Enzyme-linked-immunosorbent-assay.(iii)SD-PAGE(iv)Polymerisation chain reaction.PAGE 5:(i)ISE – Ion-selective electrode.(ii)IFT – Immuno-fluorescent techniques.(iii)ELFA – Enzyme-linked-fluorescence-assay.(iv)RIA – Radiommuno-assay.(v)DNA – Deoxyribose nucleic acid.(vi)mRNA – Messenger ribonucleic acid.(vii)TRNA – Transfer ribonucleic acid.(viii)HLA – Human lymphocyte antigen.PAGE 6:(i)RFT – Renal function tests.(ii)LFT – Liver function test.(iii)Hb – Haemoglobin.(iv)C-Peptide – Crystalline peptide.(v)HBA ic – Glycocylated haemolobin.(vi)GTT – Glucose tolerance test.(vii)5-HIAA – 5 Hydroxy-indole acetic acid.(viii)VMA – Vinyl mandelic acid.(ix)G 6 PD – Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase.(x)CEA – Carcino embroyonic antigen.(xi)CA – Cancer antigen.(xii)PSA – Prostatic specific antigen.(xiii)AFP – Alpha feto protein.(xiv)B-HCG – Beta human chorionic gonadotrophin.(xv)HPLC – High power liquid chromatography.(xvi)GLC – Gas liquid chromatography.(xvii)TIBC – Total iron binding capacity.HAEMATOLOGYAIM: The course unit is designed to produce specialised medical laboratory technologists to run a Haematology laboratory at all levels and develop technological innovations.TERM 1OBJECTIVESAt the end of the course unit the trainee should be able to:—(i)Explain cytochemistry of haemopoiesis.(ii)Prepare and store haematological reagents.(iii)Describe the various types of anemia.(iv)Investigate types of anaemia.

CONTENT

	Topic	Sub-topic
1.	Cytochemistry of haemopoiesis	RNA. DNA. Defective. Erythropoiesis.
2.	Haematological reagents	Romanousky stain. Supravital stains. Cytochemical reagents. Anticoagulants. Other routine haematological reagents and storage.
3.	Anaemia	Iron deficiency. Megaloblastic anaemia. Aplastic anaemia. Sideroblastic anaemia. Haemolytic anaemia. Haemoglobinopathies.

TERM IIOBJECTIVESAt the end of the term the trainee should be able to:—(i)Explain haematological enzymopathies.(ii)Perform haemolytic screening procedures.(iii)Describe the haemostatic mechanisms.(iv)Perform coagulation screening procedures.(v)Perform blood coagulation factors assay.(vi)Monitor coagulation therapy.(vii)Explain various types of Leukaemia.(viii)Classify Leukemoid reactions.(ix)Collect bone marrow specimen.(x)Process bone marrow specimen.(xi)Examine and report bone marrow smear.(xii)Perform cytochemical tests.(xiii)Perform Kleuhaur Betke tests.(xiv)Explain myeloproliferative disorders.(xv)Explain myelodysplasic syndrome.(xvi)Write a project proposal.(xvii)Generate prospective data for research project.CONTENT

Topic		Sub-topic
Enzymopathy		G6PD. Pyruvate kinase. Analysis techniques. Peripheral blood film examination.
Haemolytic screening procedures		Reticulocytes count. Heinz body preparation.
		Osmotic fragility test. Hb electrophoresis. Hb F estimation. Direct Coomb’s test. Antibody screening test. Bilirubin Estimation. Polypeptide assay. Ham’s test. Estimation of Hb A2.
Haemostasis		Vascular System. Blood coagulation. Fibrinolytic mechanism.
Coagulation screening procedures		Haemogram. Prothrombin time test. Activated partial thromboplastin time test. Thrombin time test. Substitution tests. Euglobin clotlysis test. International normalized ratio. Bleeding time test. Clotting time test
Blood coagulation factor assay with specific reference		Factor IX. Factor I. Factor II. Factor VII. Factor V. Factor XIII.
Automatic coagulation procedures		Routine tests. Specialized techniques.
Coagulation therapy with specific reference to		Heparin. W arfarin/koumarin. Monitoring.
Leukaemia		Acute lympoblastic leukaemia. Acute myoloblastic leukaemia. Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Chronic granulocytic leukaemia. Chronic monocytic leukaemia. Acute yelomonocytic leukaemia. Erythroleukaemia.
Leukaemia		Lymphoid leukemoid reaction. Myeloid reaction.
		Aleukaemoid. Psedoleukaemia.
Bone marrow specimen		Collection procedure. Processing procedure. Examination and reporting.
Cytochemical test		Sudan black. Periodic acid Schiff’s. Iron staining. Leukocyte alkaline phosphate. Feulgen reaction. Muramidase reaction.
Kleuhaeur Betke test		Uses. Techniques.
Myeloproliferative disorders		Leukaemia. Non-leukaemia.
Mylodysplastic Syndromes		Causes. Detection techniques.
Project		Project proposal. Generating data.

TERM IIIOBJECTIVESAt the end of this course unit the trainee should be able to—(i)Describe systems disorders.(ii)Demonstrate various systemic disorders.(iii)Explain various types of lymphomas.(iv)Explain polycythaemia rubravera.(v)Perform phlebotomy therapy for polycythaemia rubra vera.(vi)Describe the principles of electronic blood counters.(vii)Operate and maintain electronic blood counters.(viii)Explain radioisotopes used haematology.(ix)Explain blood volume estimation.(x)Determine rate of erythropoiesis.(xi)Handle and take care of laboratory animals.(xii)Identify blood parasites.(xiii)Ensure and observe quality assurance measures.(xiv)Produce exam project report.CONTENT

Topic		Sub-topic
Systemic disorders		Lupus erythromatosus. Microangiopathy. Detection techniques.
Multiple Myelona		Plasma cell leukaemia. Abnormal immunoglobulins. Detection techniques.
Malignant Lymphomas		Hodgkin's disease. Non Hodgkin's diseases. Burkettes lymphoma.
Polycythaemia		Erythraemia Absolute. polycythaemia Relative. polycythaemia.
Electronic Counters		Mucipus. Operation. Prevention maintanance.
Radioisotopes		Types. Uses. Safety precautions.
Laboratory Animals		Types. Handling. disposal.
Blood Parasites		Types. Significance. Detection techniques.
Project		Data analysis. Project report. Write up and presentation.

HISTOPATHOLOGY AND CYTOPATHOLOGYAIM: The course unit is designed to equip the trainee with knowledge, skills and attitudes to meet the requirements of a Class "C" laboratory and above.GENERAL OBJECTIVESAt the end of this course unit the trainee should be able to:(i)Explain concepts related to Histopathological and Cytological techniques.(ii)Understand the principles and operations of light and electron microscopes.(iii)Apply knowledge, skills and attitudes acquired for diagnosis, teaching and research purposes.(iv)Apply knowledge, skills and attitudes acquired for medical legal and mausoleum services.(v)Supervise and manage resources in laboratory setting.(vi)Observe quality control and quality assurance measures.TERM 1 OBJECTIVEAt the end of this course unit the trainee should be able to:—(i)explain terms used in histopathology and cytopathology.(ii)describe cell and epithelium.(iii)describe fixation and classify.(iv)perform decalcification.CONTENTS

Topic		Sub-topic
Introduction		Terminology used, relation of histopathology to other subjects, reception, handling of samples, microscopic appearance of body organs, source of samples.
Cell and epithelial		Cell structure, cell division, four primary tissues, types and functions of epithelial cells, connective tissues, muscular tissue, nervous tissue, overview of body systems.
Fixation and fixatives		Definitions, purposes, effects, terminologies used, charac- teristics, methods of fixation, storage of fixed tissues.
Decalcification		Purpose, methods, tissues requiring decalcification, end points of decalcification, treatment of tissues after decalcification.

TERM IIOBJECTIVESAt the end of this course unit the trainee should be able to—(i)Describe tissue processing(ii)Carry out section cutting.(iii)Carry out section staining.(iv)Mount sections.(v)Examine and report mounted sections.(vi)Collect cytological samples.(vii)Carry out staining.(viii)Classify and report cytological smears.(ix)Design a project.TERM IIIOBJECTIVESAt the end of this course unit the trainee should be able to:—(i)Apply safety measures.(ii)Describe histochemistry.(iii)Describe museum techniques.(iv)Describe and use microscopes.(v)Understand concepts related to mausoleum techniques.(vi)Carry out mausoleum procedures.(vii)Manage resources.(viii)Apply quality control measurements.CONTENT

Topic		Sub-topic
Safety Measures		Fire hazards, physical and chemical injuries, explosives, implosives, infectious material.
Histochemistry		Nature of enzymes, types, frozen section, freeze drying, freeze substitution, equipments used, demonstration techniques.
Museum techniques		Collection, preservation, labelling, display, staining of gross specimens, photomicrography.
Microscopy		Review of light microscope, principles of electron microscope differences, limitations of light and electron microscopes, preparation of electron microscopy samples, examination and interpretation.
Mausoleum techniques		Government policy on bodies, reverence for the dead, medical legal cases, post-mortems, embalming, disposal of bodies, mausoleum design.
Management		Human resources management, material resource management, monetary management, design of a histological laboratory.
Quality control		Reagents, procedures, techniques.

BLOOD TRANSFUSION SCIENCEAIM: The course unit is designed to produce specialised medical laboratory technologists to run a Blood Transfusion Science Laboratory at all levels and develop technological innovations.GENERAL OBJECTIVESAt the end of this course unit the trainee should be able to:—(i)Explain antigen-antibody reaction.(ii)Perform antibody-screening test.(iii)Perform antibody identification test.(iv)Perform antibody titration test.(v)Explain blood group systems and other subgroups.(vi)Compare and contrast 1Gg and 1Gm antibodies.(vii)Perform differentiation and identification procedures for IgG and IgM antibodies.(viii)Discuss haemolytic diseases of the newborn.(ix)Explain blood transfusion reactions.(x)Determine the survival of transfused red blood cells.(xi)Perform blood volume estimation technique.(xii)Apply blood group systems in forensic medicine.(xiii)Establish and manage blood donor centre.(xiv)Prepare reagents used in blood donor centre.(xv)Prepare lectins used in blood grouping.(xvi)Organize blood campaign.(xvii)Prepare, store and use blood and blood products.(xviii)Ensure safety and quality assurance measure(xix)Interpret and implement the National blood transfusion policy.

TERM 1OBJECTIVESAt the end of this course unit the trainee should be able to—(i)Explain blood group systems and the subgroups.(ii)Perform antibody-screening tests.(iii)Perform antibody identification test.(iv)Perform antibody titration test.(v)Compare and contrast 1gG and 1gM antibodies.(vi)Perform differential and identification procedures for 1gG and 1gM antibodies.CONTENT

Topic		Sub-topic
ABO blood group system		ABO antigens. ABO antibodies. Structure of A and B antigen and their synthesis.
ABH blood group system		Precursor substance. H gene. Secretor. Non-sector. Bombay phenotype. Inheritance. Nomenclature. Rh antigen. Rh pull phenotype.
Other blood group systems		Mnss, P, Xg, Kell Ii. Lewis, Dufy, Lutheran, Kidd and private blood group system.
Auto-immune antibodies and non-specific antibodies		Warm antibodies. Cold antibodies. Conditions associated with autoimmune antibodies.
Immuno-globulins		Types. Characteristics. Differentiation and identification techniques. Importance.

TERM IIOBJECTIVESAt the end of this course unit the trainee should be able to:—(i)Discuss haemolytic disease of the newborn.(ii)Perform laboratory investigations on haemolytic disease of the newborn.(iii)Explain blood transfusion reactions.(iv)Perform laboratory investigations on blood transfusion reaction.(v)Explain red cell hereditary disorders(vi)Determine transfused red cell survival rate.(vii)Establish a blood donor centre.(viii)Organize blood campaign.(ix)Prepare, store and use blood and blood products.(x)Prepare reagents used in blood centre.(xi)Prepare lectures.(xii)Generate prospective data for research content.CONTENT

Topic		Sub-topic
Haemolytic disease of the new-born		ABO antibodies. Rh antibodies. Causes/aetiology. Pathogenesis. Laboratory investigation. Exchange transfusion. Intra-uterine blood transfusion. Admission of RhoGam. Amniocentesis.
Blood transfusion reaction		Intravascular transfusion reaction. Extra vascular transfusion reaction. Febrile non-haemolytic reaction. Anaphylactic. Decreased red cell lifespan. Diagnostic techniques. G6PD deficiency. Management. Spherocytosis.
Red cell hereditary conditions		Ellitocytosis. Stomatocytosis. Laboratory investigation.
Blood donor centre		Planning. Setting. Recruitment of donors. Phlebotomy. Screening of donated blood. Maintaining cold chain maintenance. Disposal of contaminated blood. Safety and quality. Assurance in blood bank. First-aid.
Blood products		Cryoprecipitate. Fresh frozen plasma. Platelet rich plasma. Platelet concentrate. Red cell concentrate. Neocytes. White cell concentrate.
Preparation of reagents and antisera		Anticoagulants. Grouping antisera. Lectins. Enzymes. Bovine albumin. Anti human globulins.

TERM IIIOBJECTIVESAt the end of this course unit the trainee should be able to:—(i)Determine the survival of transfused red blood cells.(ii)Apply blood group system in forensic medicine.(iii)Manage blood transfusion centre.(iv)Ensure safety and quality assurance.(v)Use, operate and maintain special blood bank equipment.(vi)Interpret and implement the National Blood Transfusion Policy.CONTENT

Topic			Sub-topic
Application of radioisotopes			Estimation of blood volume. Determination of transfused red survival rate. Safety precaution.
Blood group in forensic medicine			Medical-legal.
Management of blood transfusion centre			Human resources. Laboratory resources. Documentation.
National blood transfusion policy			Interpretation. Implementation.
Instrumentation			Automatic blood group analyser. Operation and preventive maintenance.

MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY AND ENTOMOLOGYAIM: The Higher Diploma Course in Medical Parasitology is designed to produce specialised medical laboratory technologists to meet the needs of the dynamic scientific and technological advances in laboratory medicine by managing laboratory services at all class levels.GENERAL OBJECTIVESAt the end of training the medical laboratory technologist in a parasitological laboratory should be able to:—(i)Plan and set up a medical laboratory.(ii)Plan and institute safety measures.(iii)Manage laboratory and field investigations.(iv)Carry out laboratory and field investigations.(v)Interpret and correlate laboratory results.(vi)Carry out disease prevention and control.(vii)Conduct research.(viii)Establish and maintain quality control and quality assurance(ix)Plan and organize continuing education for self and others.TERM 1 OBJECTIVESAt the end of this course unit the trainee should be able to:—(i)Plan and set up medical parasitology laboratory.(ii)Observe laboratory safety measures.(iii)Describe host-parasite interrelationship.(iv)Explain the immunology for parasitic diseases.(v)Describe the transmission of protozoan infections.(vi)Carry out laboratory diagnosis of protozoan diseases;(vii)Establish and maintain quality assurance.CONTENT

Topic	Sub-topic	T	P
Parasitology laboratory	Laboratory set up. Furnishing equipment and apparatus. Chemicals and reagents and stains. Laboratory safety and waste disposal. Other expendable items.
Host parasite interrelationship	Evolution of human parasitic infection. Host selection by parasites. Adaption and establishment of parasites. Evasion mechanisms. Pathological effects of parasite on their hosts. Immunology of parasitic diseases.
Parasitological specimens	Types and special collection methods. Preservation and transportation. Processing and disposal.
Transmission and laboratory diagnosis	Protozoan infections. Amoebiasis. Giardiasis. Trichomoniasis. Balantidiasis. Cryptosporidiosis. Isosporidiosis. Malaria. Leishmaniasis. Trypanosomiasis.

TERM IIOBJECTIVESAt the end of this course unit the trainee should be able to:—

(1)Describe the transmission of cestodeal, tramatodeal and protozoal infections.

(2)Carry out laboratory diagnosis of cestodeal, trematodeal, nematodeal and protozoal infections.

(3)Prepare project proposal.

Topic	Sub-topic	T	P
Transmission and laboratory diagnosis	Protozoal infections. Toxoplasmosis. Babesiosis. Pneumocystosis. Sacocystosis. Acanthamoebiasis. Acanthaoeiasis. Amoebi meningoepicaphalitis. Other minor protozoal diseases. Cestodeal infections. Taeniasis. Cysticercosis. Hydatidosis. Sparaganosis. Diphyllobothriasis. Sparaganosis. Coenurosis. Hymenolepiasis. Other minor cestodeal infections. Trematodeal infections. Schistosomiasis. Fascioliasis.
	Fasciolopsiasis. Paragonimiasis. Opisthorchiasis. Clonorchiasis. Heteropyiasis. Other minor trematodeal infections. Nematodeal infections. Ascariasis. Trichuriasis. Ancylostomiasis.

TERM IIIOBJECTIVESAt the end of this course unit the trainee should be able to:—

(1)Describe the transmission of nematodeal and minor parasitic infections.

(2)Describe the transmission of arthropod caused conditions.

(3)Carry out vector identification and incrimination.

(4)Carry out parasitological and entomological surveys.

(5)Interpret and correlate laboratory results.

(6)Carry out disease prevention and control.

(7)Carry out sensitivity and sensitivity and susceptibility testing.

(8)Monitor and evaluate control measures.

(9)Manage laboratory resources and services.

Topic		Sub-topic
Transmission and lab diagnosis		Nematodeal infections. Trichinellosis and trichinosis. Enterobiasis. Strongyloidiasis. Loiasis. Mansonelliasis. Bancoroftian filariasis. Brugian filariasis. Onchocerciasis. Dipetalonemiasis. Dracunculiasis. Capillariasis. Minor parasitic infections. Gnathostomiasis. Macracanthrorhynchiasis. Pentastomidiasis. Arthropod caused conditions. Myiasis. Scabies. Tungiasis. Pediculosis. Entomosis, entomophobia including delusory parasites. Paralysis (tick induced). Envenomisation, dermatitis. Sensitization and hypersensitivity.
Vector indentification and incrimination		Special methods. Forensic entomology.
Parasitological entomological surveys		Geographical reconnaissance. Baseline data collection on parasites and vectors. Vector bionomics. Forecasting of epidemics.
Prevention and control		Epidemiology of parasitic disease. Anti-parasitic and anti-vector measures. Integrated approaches environmental considerations. Sensitivity and susceptibility testing.
Monitoring and evaluation of control measures		Verifiable indicators. Means of verification. Inputs. Outputs. Impacts assessment.
Revision, project compilation, examinations.

VIROLOGYAIM: This course unit is intended to equip the trainee with knowledge, skills and attitudes to enable them to work, manage and research in all laboratories.GENERAL OBJECTIVESAt the end of this course unit the trainee should be able to:—

(1)Discuss the major contributions, development and discovery of viruses.

(2)Understand the structure and components of viruses.

(3)Describe the specialized virus laboratory setting.

(4)Apply sterilization, disinfection and disposal methods in medical virology.

(5)Apply bio-safety techniques to be observed in virology.

(6)Apply preventive maintenance of instruments and equipment in diagnostic and research laboratories.

(7)Perform the collection, labelling, transportation, processing and storage of specimens.

(8)Explain the fundamental concepts of molecular biology and microbial genetics.

(9)Classify viruses into families, genera, and species of medical importance.

(10)Explain the pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases caused by viruses.

(11)Apply various techniques for isolation of viruses notably tissue culture, laboratory animals, etc.

(12)Implement total quality management as it applies to virology.TERM 1OBJECTIVESAt the end of this course unit the trainee should be able to:—

(1)Differentiate viruses from other microbial organisms.

(2)Outline the major developments and contributions in virology.

(3)Discuss the criterion for virus classification.

(4)Apply bio-safety techniques relevant to virology laboratories.

(5)Describe the virus laboratory setting, design and operations.

(6)Perform relevant sterilisation techniques used in virology.CONTENT

Term	Topic	Sub-topic	T/P	Hours
ONE.	Introduction	Definition of viruses. History of virology. Major developments and contributions in virology.
	Classification of viruses	Criteria used for classification. Virus architecture— • structure, • components. Virus replication. Methods of studying viruses.
	Bio-safety	Bio-safety procedures applied in Virology. Code of practice. Categorization of pathogens into risk groups.
	Virus laboratory Categories and setting	Tissue culture lab. Serology. Containment level – 3. Maximum containment level – 4. Animal house. Washing up/sterilization room.

Sterilization disinfection and disposal

Sterilisation techniques.
Physical.
Chemical—
• sterility testing,
• disinfection and disinfectants,
• disposal procedures.
• Animals.
• Materia.

TERM TWOOBJECTIVESAt the end of this course unit, the trainee should be able to:—

(1)Describe the principle usage of major equipments in Virology.

(2)Perform collection, processing, preservation, storage and transportation of virological specimen.

(3)Describe the epidemiological patterns of viral diseases.

(4)Participate in epidemiological surveillance of viral diseases.

(5)Describe the pathogenesis of viral diseases.

(6)Describe systematically DNA and RNA viruses.

(7)Perform laboratory diagnosis of viral diseases of medical importance.

(8)Write up a project proposal and report.

CONTENT

Term	Topic	Sub-topic	T/P	Hours
TWO	Equipments	Principles and uses of the following equipment: Microscopes-Electron Microscope, inverted, If Refrigerators/deep freezers Containers for liquid nitrogen, Carbon dioxide etc. Incubators and autoclaves De-ionizers and distillers Bio-safety cabinets and flow Cytometer Lyophiliser pH Meters, Thermocycler
	Virological specimens	Containers. Specimen. Types: processing, preservation, storage, transportation.

Term	Topic	Sub-topic	T/P	Hours
	Epidemiology of viral diseases	Course of infection in an individual: Acute latent chronic. Routes of spread in the Community: horizontal vertical. Surveillance of viral diseases.
	Pathogenesis	Virulence. Localised infections.
	Systematic Virology	Generalised infections. Systemic infections. DNA viruses. RNA viruses.

TERM THREEOBJECTIVES:At the end of this course unit, the trainee should be able to:—

(1)Describe the role of unclassified viruses in medicine.

(2)Perform laboratory techniques used for virus isolation and identification.

(3)Escribe microbial genetics in relevance to molecular biology techniques.

(4)Describe the various methods applied in the control of viral diseases.

(5)Carry out total quality management in virology.CONTENT

Term	Topic	Sub-topic	T/P	Hours
THREE.	Systemic virology	Unclassified viruses.
		Tissue culture systems 1 degree 2 degree, continuous cell lines, cultivation, inoculation and harvesting. Animal techniques. Immunological/serological techniques ELISA IFA. Quantitation of virus litres. LDSO, TCID50, ELD59, PFU-RIA-CFT-RPHA-HAI-HAD-Immunoblot assays
	Microbial genetics and molecular biology	DNA Cellular organisation and function. Gene mutation. Mechanisms of genetic exchange. Aspects of molecular biology.

Term	Topic	Sub-topic	T/P	Hours
		Techniques used in molecular virology e.g. PCR and flowcytometry.
	Control of viral diseases	Antiviral drugs Target sites for antiviral drugs. Mechanisms of action of antiviral.
	(Antiviral therapy) (vaccines, others)	Drugs. Vaccines— live attennated, killed vaccines, *recombination vaccine, Large and small scale vaccine production. Vaccine storage and distribution. Other control methods of viral diseases— vector control, quarantine methods, surveillances.
	Total quality management (Tqm) in virology	Definition of TQM. Quality control. Design and benefits of quality assurance.

IMMUNOLOGYAIM: The course unit is intended to equip the trainee with knowledge, skills and attitudes to work manage and research to provide quality health care services in all laboratories.GENERAL OBJECTIVESAt the end of this course unit, the trainee should be able to:—

(1)Understand the development and scope of immunology.

(2)Describe the immune defense mechanism, understand the various immuno reactions in the body.

(3)Demonstrate the organs and tissues involved in immune system.

(4)Describe the major histocompatibility complex and its significance.

(5)Apply the skills gained in the preparation of immunoglobulins for mass production.

(6)Understand the role of vaccines in the control of infections.

(7)Perform immunological techniques.

(8)Discuss immunity and infection.

(9)Describe the various immunodeficiency states and methods of investigating them.

(10)Implement total quality management as it applies in Immunology.TERM 1OBJECTIVESAt the end of this course unit, the trainee should be able to:—

(1)Describe the milestomnes in the development of immunology.

(2)Discuss the innate and acquired immune mechanisms.

(3)Describe the cols and soluble factors and their role in immunity.

(4)Apply bio-safety techniques relevant to immunology.

(5)Prepare smears from spleen, bone marrow and lymph nodes of laboratory experimental animals and identify the cells of the immune system.

(6)Differentiate between T and B-lymphocytes.

(7)Describe the role of major histo-compatibility complex in immune responses.CONTENT

	Topic	Sub-topic	T/P	Hrs
Term One 220 hours	Introduction	Historical background. Early immunology. Recent advances of immunology. Development of immunological. Techniques. Chronology of important. achievements in immunology.
	Innate and acquired immunity	The innate immune system. The role of complement and phagocytic cells Soluble factors. The acquired immune system. The role of antibodies. B Lymphocytes. T Lymphocytes. *Phagocytic cells.
	Biology of the immune system	The primary lymphoid organs. The secondary lymphoid organs. The lymphoid cells. T & B Lymphocytes. N K Cells. The mononuclear. Phagocytic system. Polymorphonuclear granulocytes platelets.		70
4.	Biosafety	Bio-safety techniques in immunology laboratory.		24
5.	The major histo- compatibility complex	The arrangement of MHC genes. Cellular distribution of MHC antigens. Structure of MHC antigens. Functions of the MHC antigens. The immuno-globulin supergene family.		40
Term Two (2) 320 Hours (T/P) 120 Hours Project	Immunochemistry	The immuno globulin structure and functions. Classes and subclasses. The generation of diversity. Theories of antibody formation. Light chain and heavy chain gene. Selection recombination. Recombination sequences. Production of immuno globulin.

TERM 2OBJECTIVESAt the end of this course unit, the trainee should be able to:—

(1)Describe the structure, functions and classes of immunological molecules.

(2)Discuss mechanisms of gene segment in the generation of antibody diversity.

(3)Demonstrate the purity of antisera using gel electrophoresis techniques.

(4)Describe the complement system and its role in immunity.

(5)Investigate complement deficiencies.

(6)Carry out immunological techniques required for diagnosis of diseases and research.CONTENT

7.	Complement system	The complement proteins. The classical pathway. The alternate pathway. The complement receptors. Complement associated diseases and deficiencies.	99
8.	Immunological techniques and instrumentation	Agglutination. Precipitation. Production of anti-sheep RBC’s serum. Complement assays. Separation and purification of immunolobulins. Preparation of antisera purity check. Fluorescence techniques.
		ELISA. Hybridoma technology: Production of monoclonal antibodies. Electrophoresis & immuno-electrophoresis. PCR polymerase chain. Reaction.Blot immuno assays. Flow cytometry.

Term Three (3)	Hypersensitivity reactions	Type I Immediate hypersensitivity. Concept at allergic reactions.
440 Hours 8		Type II ADCC. Antibody dependant. Cell cytoxity. Type III Complex mediated. Hypersensitivity mechanisms at damage. Type IV Delayed hypersensitivity. Conditions manifesting Type III.

TERM IIIOBJECTIVESAt the end of course unit the trainee should be able to:—

(1)Explain the various types of hypersensitivity reactions.

(2)Demonstrate hypersensitivity reactions.

(3)Explain the immuno-deficiency states.

(4)Investigate immuno-deficiency states.

(5)Comprehend autoimmunity.

(6)Investigate autoimmune diseases.

(7)Describe the concepts of transplantation and rejection.

(8)Understand histo-compatibility testing.

(9)Explain the immunology of foetal/maternal relationships.

(10)Describe immune responses to tumors.

(11)Describe principles of vaccine development.

(12)Describe immunity to pathogens.

(13)Practice Total Quality Management.CONTENT

9.	Immuno deficiency states	Definition 1 per cent Immunodeficiency 2 per cent Immunodeficiency Mechanisms leading to immuno- deficiency. Methods of investigating.
10.	Auto immunity	Self tolerance. Breakdown at self tolerance. Immuno suppresion. Auto immune disorders.

11.	Transplantation and rejection	Genetics of transplantation. Mechanisms of graft rejections. Clinical tissue— Allogeneic. Syngeneic. *Xenogeneic. Transplanatation. Immuno-suppression. Histo-compatibility testing.
12.	Tumor immunology	Immune recognition of tumors. Immune responses to tumors (surveillance). Potential for therapy. Animals. Induction of tumors in laboratory.
13.	Vaccines immunomodulators	Types of immunization. Types of vaccines and immunoi- modulators. Usage of vaccines. Vaccine storage and distribution.
14.	Immunity to pathogens	Immunity to viruses. Immunity to fungi. Immunity to bacteria. Immunity to protozoa. Immunity to parasitic helminthes.
15.	Total Quality Management	Concepts of TQM. Benefits and design.

Appendix: 1

TRAINING STANDARDS

1.Staff/Student RatioLecturersTheory 1:10Practical 1:52.Academic Staff QualificationsMinimum HD MLS with five (5) years experience in specialist subject.A certificate in, medical education, and good track record.orMSc. in Medical Laboratory Sciences (relevant subjects) and registered by KMLTTB.Support staff should comprise of—–One (1) HD Holder–One (1) Diploma Holder–One (1) Certificate Holder3.Attendance – 90%4.Duration of Programme – One (1) Year5.Distribution of Learning TimeTheory – 60%Practical – 40%6.Subject Taken – One at a given time7.Average Pass Mark – 50%8.External ExaminersHD holder with five (5) years working experience, medical education shall be an added advantage. Proven track record.M.Sc. and above in medical laboratory sciences with good reputation and integrity.9.Examination Declaration-Common examination shall be given to all students in the Republic of Kenya.-Examination results shall be declared soonest possible.-Supplementary examination shall be given three (3) months after the declaration of the final results.-Upon unsuccessful attempt of the supplementary, the candidate shall be referred for one (1) year.

Appendix: 2

ESSENTIAL EQUIPMENT

MICROBIOLOGY

1. Autoclave (portable)		1 between 10 students
2. Medium water bath		1 between 5 students
3. pH meters		1 between 5 students
4. Anaerobic jars		1 between 5 students
5. Incubators/hot air oven (adjustable)		1 between 10 students
6. Distillers		2 for the whole institute
7. De-ionizers		two small
8. Microscopes (Binocular)		1 between 10 students
9. Weighing balance		1 top pan load balance
10. Woods lamp		one
11. Centrifuge		1 between 4 students
12. Bunsen Burner/Spirit		1 between 2 students
13. Tripod Stands/asbestos mat		1 between 10 students
14. Fridge/deepfreezer		1 between 10 students
15. Safety Cabinet		1 per laboratory
16. Teaching microscopes		1 between 10 students
17. Mechanical shaker		1 between 10 students
18. Inoculating loops		1 per student
19. Assorted microbiology glassware		adequate
21. Food masseraurs		1 between 5 students
22. Colony counters		1 between 5 students
23. Nephelometer
24. Compute		1 per class
25. Electrophoresis equipment		1 per class

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY

1. Colorimeters		1 between 4 students
2. Analytical balance – top pan loading
3. Sensitivity up to 1 mg		1 between 5 students
4. Flame photometers		1 between 10 students
5. Centrifuge		1 between 4 students
6. Refrigerators/freezers		1 between 10 students
7. Water bath medium		1 between 4 students
8. pH meter		1 between 5 students
9. Mechanical mixers		2}
10. Electrophoresis equipment		2} per institution/class
11. Distiller/de-ionizer		2}
12. Hot air oven/incubator adjustable		10
13. Flame photometer		1 between 5 students
14. Selective electrodes		two of them
15. Electrophoresis equipment		1 between 10
16. One auto-analyser		1 per Institution/class
17. Fluorimeter		1–ditto
18. Immunochemistry analyzer		1–ditto
19. Thermocycler for PCR		1–ditto
20. Blood gas analyzer		1–ditto
21. High pressure liquid chromatogram		(HPLC)
22. Scintillation counter		1–ditto
23. Nephelometer		1–ditto
24. Computer		1–ditto

HAEMATOLOGY

1. Haemoglobinometers
2. Centrifuge		–ditto–
3. Microhaematocrit centrifuge		1 between 5 students
4. Microscopes – Blood mixers rollers		1 between 10 students
5. Water bath		–ditto–
6. Incubator		–ditto–
7. Colorimeter		–ditto–
8. Electrophoresis equipment		1 between 10 students
9. Sphygmomanometer		1 between 5 students
10. E.S.R. stands		1 between 4 students
11. Deepfreezer/fridge		1 per 10 students
12. Deep freezer		1 between 5 students
13. Coulter Counter		1 for each class
14. Neubaeur Chambers		1 for each student
15. Distiller		2 per institution/class
16. Analytical balance		1 between 10 students
17. Stethoscopes		1 between 5 students
18. Spectroscope – Direct vision/revision
19. Refrigerated centrifuge		1 per institution
20. Computer		"

HISTOPATHOLOGY

1. Microtome (Rocking/Rotary)		1 per 4 students
2. Manual tissue processing set		1 between 4 students
3. Hot plate		1 between 6 students
4. Hone and strope		1 between 4 students
5. Automatic knife sharpener		1 per class/institution
6. Water bath, medium size		1 between 4 students
7. Microscope (teaching)		1 for the institution
8. Cold plate		1 between 6 students
9. Weighing balances		1 between 1 students
10. De-ionizers		1 per class/institution
11. Fume chambers		1 per laboratory/institution
12. Automatic tissue processor		1 per class/institution
13. Automatic staining machine		1 per class/institution
14. Freezing microtone – hard set		1 per class/institution
15. Centrifuge
17. Computer
18. Postmortem kit

BLOOD TRANSFUSION SCIENCE

1. Blood bank refrigerator		1 per class
2. Grouping tiles		1 per student
3. Water bath		(medium size) adjustable
4. Plasma extractors		15 students
5. Centrifuges		1 between 4 students
6. Weighing balance		1 between 5 students
7. Syphomomanometers		1 between 5 students
8. Hot air oven (adjustable)		1 in the whole institution
9. De-ionizers and stillers		1 for the whole class/institution
10. Mechanical shaker		1 per 2 students
11. Blood Transfusion bleeding unit		1 per 2 students
12. Assorted blood transfusion glassware and adequate apparatus		1 per 2 students
13. Microscopes
14. Deep freezer 70 degrees C
15. Automated centrifuge for blood products
16. Cool boxes
17. Microscopes
18. Water bath

MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY

1. Centrifuges		1 for 4 students
2. Refrigerators		–ditto–
3. Pestle and mortar		1 per student
4. Teaching microscope		1 per student
5. QBC unit		1 per student
6. Assorted apparatus e.g. racks, test tubes, stirring rods, applicator sticks, forceps Funnels, Kato kits, hand lenses		1 per lecturer
7. Stereo microscope, one per class
8. Fluorescent microscope, one per student
9. Geiger Muller counter/scintillator
10. Microscope, binocular, one per student
11. Dissecting microscope, one per student
12. Stereo microscopes, one per lecturer
13. Refrigerated centrifuge
14. Mosquito scoops
15. Sucking tubes
16. Slide boxes
17. Dry specimen display tubes
18. Traps for big mammals and small mammals
19. Insect traps/tubes
20. Ladles
21. Mcmaster chambers
22. Enamel tray
23. Gumboots
24. Knap sack/spray pumps
25. Computer

VIROLOGY

(1)Hepatitis screening equipment

(2)H.I.V. screening equipment(a)Eliza(b)Immunoblots (Western Blot)(c)P.C.R (polymerase chain reaction)

(3)CD4/CD8 counting machine

(4)Viral load machine

(5)Tissue lines

(6)Immunofluorescent equipment

(7)Inverted microscopes

(8)ComputerIMMUNOLOGY

(1)Mechanical shakers

(2)Centrifuges

(3)Water baths

(4)Refrigerators

(5)Geiger Muller Counter

(6)Chromatographic sets(a)G.L.C. gas liquid chromatograph(b)H.P.L.C. high pressure liquid chromatography(c)T.L.C. thin layer chromatography

(7)Thermocycler

(8)Computer

Appendix: 3

ESSENTIAL BOOKS

MICROBIOLOGY

	Title	Author
1.	A colour atlas of practical pathology and microbiology	Ramnia Sood
2.	A manual for laboratory and diagnostic tests	F. Fiscbaeh
3.	Clinical diagnosis and management	Method John B/Henry MD
4.	Clinical microbiology	J.J Inglis
5.	Fundamentals in microbiology	K.P. Talaro
6.	Medical immunology	Daniel/Tristram
7.	Microbiology (colour guide)	Inglis
8.	Basics of quality assurance for intermediate and peripheral laboratories	W.H.O
9.	Principles of bacteriology and immunology Vol. I, II and III	Topley and W ilson
10.	Handbook of bacteriology techniques	Baker
11.	Microbiology including Immunology and molecular genetics	B.D. David et al

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY

	Title	Author
1.	Physiological Chemistry	Harper
2.	Clinical Chemistry Diagnosis and Treatment	P. Mayne et al
3.	Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry	Norbert Teitz
4.	Practical Clinical Biochemistry (Vol. I and II)	Harold Varley
5.	Biochemistry: A Case Oriented Approach	Montgomery
6.	Biochemistry	Lehninger A.L.
7.	Quantitive inorganic Chemistry	H.Vogel
8.	Clinical Diagnosis	W.B. Saunders et al
9.	Clinical Chemistry	Henry
10.	The living Body	Best and Taylor

HAEMATOLOGY

	Title	Author
1.	Clinical Haematology	Wintrobe
2.	Practical Haematology	Dacie et al
3.	Clinical Haematology in Medical Practice	De Crunchy
4.	Leukaemia	F. Gruz
5.	Leukaemia Diagnosis	Barbara Bain
6.	Diseases of the Bone Marrow	Witby and Briton
7.	Haematological Techniques for Medical Laboratory Technicians and Medical Students	Darmady and Davenport
8.	Bleeding Disorders	Jardisty and Ingram
9.	Haematology	William J. W illiam
10.	Chronic Granulocytic Leukaemia	Michael T. Show

HISTOPATHOLOGY

	Title	Author
1.	Understanding Pathophysiology	Sue E. Heuther, Kathryn L. McCain
2.	Carleton’s Histological Techniques	Dory and W ellington
3.	Practical Section Cutting and Staining	Clayton
4.	Cellular Pathology Technique	C.F.A. Culling et al
5.	Wheater’s Functional Histology a Textbook and Colour Atlas	Young/Heath
6.	Simpson’s Forensic Medicine	B Knight
7.	Mausoleum Techniques
8.	Electron Microscopy
9.	Cytology

BLOOD TRANSFUSION

	Title	Author
1.	Haematology	William J. W illiam
2.	Techniques in blood Grouping	Ivory Dunford and C.C. Bowky
3.	Modern Blood Banking on Transfusion Services	D. Harmening and Pittiglio
4.	Blood Grouping in Man	R.R. Rale and R. Sanger
5.	Blood Transfusion in Clinical Medicine	Mollison Patrick
6.	Blood Group Serology	I. Dnford and C.C. Bowky

PARASITOLOGY

	Title	Author
1.	Textbook of Parasitology	Daniel L. Belding M.D
2.	Clinical Parasitology	Craig and Faustin
3.	Introduction to Parasitology	A.C. Chandler
4.	Tropical Diseases	Manson Barr
5.	Essential Marariology	Bruce Chwatts
6.	Worms and Diseases	Muller R
7.	Lecture Notes of Medical Entomology	M.W . Service
8.	Insects of Medical Importance
9.	Medical Parasitology	Markell, Vogue and John
10.	Entomology for Students of Medicine	Gordore M.M.J. Laboipierne

VIROLOGY

	Title	Author
1.	Practical Virology for Medical Students and Practitioners in tropical countries	D. Metasalaar et al
2.	Fundamentals of Medical Virology	Kucera and Louis S.
3.	Virological Procedures	Hopkins et al
4.	Virology – Practical Approach	B.S. Mahy et al
5.	Medical Virology	D. W hite & F. Ferner
6.	Medical Virology – a Practical approach	Editor – U. Desselberger
7.	Principles of molecular Virology	J Cann

IMMUNOLOGY

	Title	Author
1.	The Principles of Immunology	Ivan Roitt
2.	Fundamentals of Immunology	Tesdale
3.	Practical Immunology	Hudsons and Hay
4.	Practical Immunology	Talwar
5.	Basic & Clinical Immunology	Peakman & Vergains
6.	Understanding Immunology	Peak Woods & Prentice-Hall

The Medical Laboratory Technicians and Technologists (Curriculum and Course Content) Regulations

LAWS OF KENYA

MEDICAL LABORATORY TECHNICIANS AND TECHNOLOGISTS ACT

THE MEDICAL LABORATORY TECHNICIANS AND TECHNOLOGISTS (CURRICULUM AND COURSE CONTENT) REGULATIONS

LEGAL NOTICE 13 OF 2006

FIRST SCHEDULE [r. 2]

FORMS

SECOND SCHEDULE [r. 2]

DIPLOMA CURRICULUM

MINISTRY OF HEALTH

THE KENYA MEDICAL LABORATORY

TECHNICIANS AND TECHNOLOGISTS BOARD

CURRICULUM

FOR DIPLOMA

IN

MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCES

TABLE OF CONTENTS

___________________________

COURSE TITLE

DIPLOMA IN MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCES

OR

_________________________

APPENDIX 1

TRAINING STANDARDS

______________________________

APPENDIX 2

ESSENTIAL EQUIPMENT

MICROBIOLOGY

VIROLOGY

IMMUNOLOGY

__________________________

APPENDIX 3

ESSENTIAL BOOKS

MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY

HAEMATOLOGY

HISTOPATHOLOGY

BLOOD TRANSFUSION

MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY

VIROLOGY

IMMUNOLOGY

THIRD SCHEDULE [r. 2]

HIGHER DIPLOMA CURRICULUM

___________________________________

Appendix: 1

TRAINING STANDARDS

Appendix: 2

ESSENTIAL EQUIPMENT

MICROBIOLOGY

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY

HAEMATOLOGY

HISTOPATHOLOGY

BLOOD TRANSFUSION SCIENCE

MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY

Appendix: 3

ESSENTIAL BOOKS

MICROBIOLOGY

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY

HAEMATOLOGY

HISTOPATHOLOGY

BLOOD TRANSFUSION

PARASITOLOGY

VIROLOGY

IMMUNOLOGY

Cited documents 2

Legislation 2

Documents citing this one 1

Legislation 1